Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
levels of miscarriage, birth defects and low birth weights. These are
all problems associated with growth and development.
At the same time as such adverse findings were coming to
light,medicalresearcherswereusingpulsedEMF(PEMF)exposures
eitherintheformofinterstitialelectrodesornon-invasivecapacitive
applicators. Bassett in 1993 noted a range of beneficial bioeffects,
including fracture union, spine fusion and osteoporosis, while
noting a number of suggested mechanisms, including ion cyclotron
resonance, parametric resonance and amplification of signals at the
cell membrane. Pilla since 1972 had suggested EMF was a first
messenger in a signalling pathway via Calmodulin (CaM) that can
induce a chemical cascade. PEMF appears to piggy-back on to one
of the body's mechanisms of repair and regrowth. PEMF is effective
for bone and wound repair and pain and oedema reduction. As
we have seen, an EMF operating at 100-300 kHz can be used
to treat melanomas. These fields can cause rotation of the cell
nucleus, which is associated with an H field effect. Similarly such
cellular rotation if associated with long-term ELF exposures might
interferewiththenormalcellcycle,causingamalfunctionofnormal
replication consistent with the developmental problems observed
by Wertheimer and Leeper. Until we know with some degree of
confidence the biogenic processes of development we cannot be
assured of the beneficial bioeffects of any particular ELF signals,
especially those at the same frequencies as power transmission. It
may be that there is a moderate level of a PEMF therapy that is
optimal between benefits and adverse effects. One aim of this text
is to elucidate the biogenic mechanisms of replication that come
together as an SFT balance of the magnetic and electrical energies
within the chromosome that occurs at metaphase into anaphase,
forming the crux of cellular division. Biogenic fields induce such an
SFTbalance.Heretooachemicalcascadeoccursasmetaphasegives
way to anaphase and the chromatids moveto their spindle poles.
The processes may be complex and unknown, but we now know
at least what we need to achieve. Biophotonics stands at the cutting
edgeofanewscientificfrontier.Thequestionboilsdowntowhether
a range of normal to hypersensitive humans of varying age—young,
old,adolescentoradult—undergoingarangeofdevelopmentstages
from normal to abnormal can be impinged or assisted by EMF
