Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 1.5
Wave packet with uncertainty
x
in position and
p
in
momentum.
synchronised fashion and to biological systems where biophotons
emitted from DNA acting as a liquid crystal at metaphase can link to
other objects in the near field of the biological system. This usually
implies the biological capacity for optical sight but can encompass
otherformsofbiophotonicemissionanddetection.Thisincludesthe
complete body fields of biological systems in general but is found
in specialised physiological tissues such as the elasmobranch fish
that use pores, the ampullae of Lorenzini, on the periphery of their
dorsal fins for predation. Einstein was right; it is now realised that
an interconnection, a binding energy existing within living and non-
living systems, has been overlooked; quantum theory failed to see
the photonic- and biophotonic-levelinteractions.
The uncertainty principle was first proposed by Heisenberg
in 1927. HUP is now presented in the original form given by
Heisenberg. Assume the wave packet illustrated in Fig. 1.5 is a wave
packet consisting of sinusoidal plane waves of wavelengths close to
λ
0
. There are approximately
n
=
x
/λ
0
wavelengths within the
packet. Outside the limits of the wave packet the waves must cancel
each other by interference. This only occurs if at least
n
+
1waves
fall insidethe limitsof the wave. Thus wemay write
x
λ
−
λ
≥
n
+
1
(1.6)
In Eq. (1.6)
λ
is the approximate range of wavelengths. Thus
x
λ
λ
≥
1
(1.7)
2
0
The group velocity ofthe wave can bewritten as
h
m
p
λ
0
v
g
=
(1.8)
