Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 4.5
Fieldsinanextracellularmediumandcellmembraneestimated
due to 50 V m
−
1
E field in air where the body's surface is treated as having
ubiquitous resistivity (no significant biophoton flow across the epidermis
or itspores).
operate at such weak levels, well below those recommended by
international and national exposure standards. If such levels can
produce medically proven health benefits it is probable they may
also produce harmful effects. Further research is needed.
What some in the bioeffects community have not previously
accepted is how membrane potentials of around 100 mV relate
to such experiments, since to them this implies exposure levels in
air above air's dielectric breakdown strength (Adair, 1991a). The
use of CEM along with simplistic tissue geometries lies behind
such computational overestimates. While CEM sees circuits as the
primary focus of attention, biophotonics, as we have discussed,
is a lower level of interaction between atoms, ions, proteins
and macromolecules. There are areas of the anatomy particularly
relevanttobiophotonicflows.Poresofconductivityintheepidermis
are relevant in ELF andmodulated ELF experiments.
Pores within the epidermis are a basis for acupuncture and
allow biophotons to enter or leave the body. Acupuncture, like
