Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 6.1
Milestones in salmon aquaculture.
1857
First hatchery propagation of Pacific salmon
1950s-1960s
USSR, Japan, United States and Canada begin enhancement programmes
1960s
Norwegian salmon aquaculture emerged
1974
Private, for-profit salmon ranching starts in Oregon
After 1976
Japan chum hatchery increases rapidly
1979
Norway, United States, Canada, Chile, Japan and Scotland have emerging
salmon farming industries
Late 1970s-1980s
North American and Japanese hatchery programmes grow significantly
1980
World farmed salmon production accounts for about 1% of world salmon
supply
1983
World farmed salmon production exceeds world wild chinook salmon harvest
1986
World farmed salmon production exceeds combined world wild chinook and
coho salmon harvest
1990
World farmed salmon production exceeds combined world wild chinook,
coho and sockeye salmon harvest
1991
World farmed salmon production exceeds Alaskan salmon harvest (all
species)
1992
World farmed salmon production accounts for about 46% of world salmon
supply
1994-1995
Chile introduces the chef-ready pin-bone out fillet; US imports escalate
1996
World farmed salmon production exceeds combined harvest of all wild
salmon species; Atlantic salmon dominates pen-raised production
1996-2004
Increasing market development with farmed salmon as the leader.
International prices and production costs continuously decline. Increasing
criticism of salmon enhancement programmes. Chile and Norway establish
record production levels in 2004 with a joint production of nearly 1.2 million t
(round weight). Gap between world aquaculture production and wild
combined harvests widens.
From Anderson 1997.
than come 'out'. In 2002, 2.13 kg of wild fish were required for each 1 kg of salmon
produced, an improvement from the 3.16:1 ratio in 1997 (Naylor & Burke 2005).
However, a report by the Terram Foundation of Chile has recently suggested the
feed conversion ratio is as high as 8.5 kg of feed for every 1 kg of salmon produced
(Pinto & Furci 2006, Tlusty et al. 2007).
In response to these concerns, governments have introduced a wide variety of
management tools, techniques and legislation in order to establish environmentally
sustainable salmon farming practices (Tlusty et al. 2007). In addition, European
retailers, recognising the importance of farmed salmon to consumers, have decided,
initiated by Royal Ahold, to develop an international certification standard together
with the salmon farming industry to try and address these sustainability issues.
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