Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
14 Non-human DNA typing
The use of DNA in human identification has dominated forensic science. The role
of DNA has been to link a person to a person, a person to a scene and scenes to
scenes. However, biological material from humans is only one component of the total
DNA that can be encountered. Botanical and material from non-human animals are
frequently recovered as part of the material examined in a forensic science laboratory,
yet only rarely is this type of material analysed using genetic techniques. This chapter
highlights the potential use of non-human DNA typing in forensic science.
Non-human sample types
Forensic cases where non-human DNA may be relevant fall into number of different
categories.
Possession of protected species
There are an increasing number of species that are endangered and protected such that
their possession is either contrary to international or national legislation. Examples of
illegal materials include many hardwoods, curios made from protected tree species,
animal skins, corals, ivory carvings and various products in traditional medicines
(Figure 14.1). The Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of
Flora and Fauna (CITES) is the international body that monitors the movement of
endangered and protected species between countries that are members of CITES.
The CITES enforcement team assist with international trade, but national legislation
is required for wildlife crime within a country.
Crimes against people or property
Dogs and cats are common pets in many family homes and hairs from these pets
are readily transferred on to the clothing of anyone entering such a home. A person
entering into a car that is used to transport a dog may receive dog hairs on their
clothing. Grass stains, leaf material and pollen grains are readily transferred from
one location to another. Insect larvae feeding on a corpse can be difficult to identify,
but DNA typing can identify the species present. The analysis of botanical material
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