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62
63
64
Figure 16.31 The combination of 62 and 63 was used as a means to detect the
presence of palladium as the Heck reaction product 64 emits fluo-
rescence.
Adapted from Ref. 87.
65
66
Figure 16.32 Palladium colloids catalyze the reduction of 65 to 66, as manifested by
a color change.
Reproduced with permission from Ref. 88. Copyright 2012 American
Chemical Society.
in the presence of tri-o-tolylphosphine in DMF (Figure 16.31).
87
Its utility
with real-world samples remains to be seen.
16.4.2.6 Chemodosimeters Based on Reduction
A conceptually interesting system was developed by Mohapatra and Phillips
(Figure 16.32).
88
Soluble palladium species were first converted to palladium
colloids. In the presence of Et
2
SiH
2
, the palladium colloids catalyzed the
reduction of 65 to 66. The change could be used as a colorimetric method.
Pyridine interfered in this method, implying that further development may
be necessary for practical use.
16.5 Conclusion
Many fluorimetric and colorimetric methods have been developed, and
several of them have been tested with real-world samples and validated. The
iteration of development and evaluation with real-world samples continues
to enable researchers to improve the accuracy, reproducibility and user-
friendliness of methods. It was stated in 2011, ''An ideal metal detection
method would quantitatively analyze metals in solution as it exits the
scavenger setup, similarly to several process analytical technologies already
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