Notes - The Monster at Our Door: The Global Threat of Avian Flu - page 76

23 . J. Oxford et al., “Antiviral Activity of Oseltamivir Carbosylate Against a Human Isolate of the Current H5N1
Chicken Strain,” poster 3839, InterScience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Washington,
DC, 31 August 2004.
24 . Jocelyn Kaiser, “Facing Down Pandemic Flu, the World's Defenses Are Weak,” Science 306 (15 October
2004): p. 394.
25 . Richard Webby and Robert Webster, “Are We Ready for Pandemic Influenzas?” in Learning from SARS: pre-
paring for the next disease outbreak , edited by Stacey Knobler et al. (Washington, DC: National Academies Press,
2004), p. 208.
26 . Karl Nicholson, “Human Influenza,” in Nicholson, Webster, and Hay, Textbook, p. 221.
27 . See historical discussion in Jonathan Nguyen-Van-Tam, “Epidemiology of Influenza,” in Nicholson, Webster,
and Hay, Textbook, pp. 181-84.
28 . T. Reichert et al., “Influenza and the Winter Increase in Mortality in the United States, 1959-1999,” American
Journal of Epidemiology 160, no. 5 (1 September 2004): pp. 492-502.
29 . Lower figure from DHHS, Draft Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response Plan, August 2004, p. 3;
and higher from James Stevens et al., “Structure of the Uncleaved Human H1 Hemagglutinin from the Extinct 1918
Influenza Virus,” Science 303 (19 March 2004): p. 1866.
30 . B. Schoub, J. McAnerney, and T. Besselaar, “Regional Perspectives on Influenza Surveillance in Africa,”
Vaccine 20, Suppl. 2 (15 May 2002): p. S46.
31 . Alan Hampson, “Epidemiological Data on Influenza in Asian Countries,” Vaccine 17, Suppl. 1 (30 July
1999): pp. S19-S23.
32 . Schoub, McAnerney, and Besselaar, “Regional Perspectives,” p. S46.
33 . Leon Simonsen, “The Global Impact of Influenza on Morbidity and Mortality,” Vaccine, 17, Suppl. 1 (30
July 1999): pp. S3-S10; F. Karaivanova, “Viral Respiratory Infections and Their Role as a Public Health Problem in
Tropical Countries (Review),” African Journal of Medicine and Medical Science 24, no. 1 (1995): pp. 1-7; and C.
Wong et al., “Influenza-Associated Mortality in Hong Kong,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 39, no. 11 (1 December
2004): p. 1611.
34 . Shoub, McAnerney, and Besselaar, “Regional Perspectives,” S45-46; and “Influenza Outbreak in the District
of Bosobolo, DRC, Nov.-Dec. 2002,” Weekly Epidemiological Record 13 (28 March 2003): pp. 94-96.
35 . WHO, Avian Influenza and Human Health: Report by Secretariat, Geneva (8 April 2004): p. 1.
36 . For an overview of origin debate, see John Barry, “The Site of Origin of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic and its
Public Health Implications,” Journal of Translational Medicine 2, no. 3 (20 January 2004): pp. 1-4.
37 . Niall Johnson and Juergen Mueller, “Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918-1920 'Spanish'
Influenza Pandemic,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 76 (2002): tables 1-5; and Edwin Oakes Jordan, Epidemic
Influenza (Chicago: American Medical Association, 1927).
38 . Ibid. pp. 108 and 115; and K. Davis, The Population of India and Pakistan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ.
Press, 1951), p. 37 (estimate of 20 million dead).
39 . I. Mills, “The 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic—The Indian Experience,” Indian Economic and Social History
Review 23, no. 1 (1986): pp. 1-40.
40 . Ibid., p. 35.
41 . Mridula Ramanna, “Coping with the Influenza Pandemic: The Bombay Experience,” in The Spanish Influ-
enza Pandemic of 1918-19: New Perspectives, edited by Howard Phillips and David Killingray (London: Routledge,
2003), p. 95.
42 . Quoted in Peter Harnetty, “The Famine That Never Was: Christian Missionaries in India, 1918-1919,” His-
torian (Spring 2001): p. 2.
43 . Ramanna, “Bombay Experience,” p. 97.
44 . Mills, “Indian Experience,” pp. 34-35.
45 . Johnson and Mueller, “Updating the Accounts,” p. 106 (research of Svenn-Erik Mamelund).
46 . Amir Afkhami, “Compromised Constitutions: The Iranian Experience with the 1918 Influenza Pandemic,”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine 77 (2003): pp. 371-72.
47 . Ibid., pp. 386-91.