Implementation of IMO Legal Instruments: International Technical and Financial Cooperation - Prevention of Pollution of the Marine Environment from Vessels - page 141

that legally-binding rules can be made for them directly by the international
community without the legislative involvement of sovereign states”. 63
Undoubtedly, it will not be a very easy task to implement this type of
revolutionary approach.
One solution to the present unsatisfactory status of the implementation of
international conventions may lie in tightening port State control and enhanc-
ing the power of port States to take action against ships. 64 Another approach
may be broadening coastal States prescriptive and enforcement jurisdiction,

particularly in the EEZ. 65 Providing some power of enforcement to IMO
against substandard flags and the non-State actors like classification societies
may also be introduced to supplement this process.

'

References

Journal Articles

Becker R (1997) MARPOL 73/78: an overview of international environmental enforcement.
Georget Int Environ Law Rev 10:625-642
Chayes A, Chayes AH (1993) On compliance. Int Organ 47:175-205
Crossen T (2004) Multilateral environmental agreements and the compliance continuum. Georget
Int Environ Law Rev 16:473-500
Curtis JB (1985) Vessel-source oil pollution and MARPOL 73/78: an international success story?
Environ Law 15:679-710
Dempsey PS (1984) Compliance and enforcement in international law - oil pollution of the marine
environment by ocean vessels. Northwest J Int Law Bus 6:459-561
Dijxhoorn OHJ (1993) Port and shipping management: the role of IMO. Mar Policy 17:363-366
Duruigbo E (2000) Reforming the international law and policy on marine oil pollution. J Marit
Law Commer 31:65-88
Dyke JMV (2005) The disappearing right to navigational freedom in the exclusive economic zone.
Mar Policy 29:107-121
Ehrmann M (2002) Procedures of compliance control in international environmental treaties. Colo
J Int Environ Law Policy 13:377-443
Goldie LFE (1991) Environmental catastrophes and flags of convenience - does the present law
pose special liability issues. PACE Year B Int Law 3:63-90
Griffin A (1994) MARPOL 73/78 and vessel pollution: a glass half full or half empty. Indiana J
Glob Leg Stud 1:489-514
Kovats LJ (2006) How flag states lost the plot over shipping s governance. Does a ship need a

'

sovereign? Marit Policy Manag 33:75-81
Lowe AV (1975) The enforcement of marine pollution regulations. San Diego Law Rev 12:624-
643

63 Kovats ( 2006 ), p. 77. Also see generally Behnam ( 2003 ).
64 Molenaar ( 2007 ) and Molenaar ( 2006 ).
65 See generally Mooradian ( 2002 ), Sage ( 2006 ), and Dyke ( 2005 ).