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7.4 Conclusions
We propose that an integrated approach to the design of digital systems,
building on the successes and expertise in existing but, until now, separate
domains, offers a route towards the creation of desirable digital futures.
The different theoretical and conceptual frameworks described above en-
able the formulation of a multi-faceted strategic approach to ICT design
which puts citizens/users at 'centre stage' - and engages them appropri-
ately throughout the planning and development cycle. The robustness of
the proposed strategy and framework and their potential power to achieve
significant change stems not only from their foundation in influential and
well-tested theories, but also from the fact that there are many established
methods and techniques already developed and readily available to support
implementation. Table 7.3 summarizes the key contributory principles that
each approach has to offer.
Table 7.3.
Key Contributory Principles of each Theoretical Approach
Theoretical Framework Key Contributory Principles/Features
Sociotechnical theory
Social and technical systems are interdependent and need
to be co-optimized
Principle of minimum critical specification
The design process should be compatible with design
goals and outcomes
Information Ecologies
Specific focus on a particular environment/context
Co-evolution
Interdependency
Participatory Design
Involvement of stakeholders in decision making
Combination of multiple perspectives
Empowerment through use of envisioning/exploring
techniques
Inclusive Design
Focus on identifying needs of widest range of users -
emphasis on extra-ordinary users
Provides methods to aid design
Change Management
Understanding the need for change
Communicating vision
Providing knowledge of practical steps
Overcoming resistance
Promoting ownership
The steps required to reach the goal of an integrated ICT design process
enriched by the contributory components discussed above are shown in
Fig. 7.2.
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