Tissue Engineering: Focus on the Musculoskeletal System - Biomaterials Science: An Integrated Clinical and Engineering Approach - page 193

regeneration. The scaffold may also serve as a reservoir system that gradually
releases biological signals such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2).
Materials used for scaffolds are broadly classified into two categories: natural
and synthetic. Natural scaffolds are derived from natural origins such as ani-
mal tissues and marine algae, while synthetic materials for tissue engineering
include polymers and ceramics. The two most studied natural and synthetic
polymers are type I collagen and poly-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), respectively.
Both materials are FDA approved for specific applications. Table 9.1 summa-
rizes a list of commercially available tissue engineering products for muscu-
loskeletal regeneration. Many of these products utilize calcium phosphate
or collagen materials, as both materials are FDA approved. Some products
incorporate more complex strategies, such as stem cells or controlled delivery
of growth factors. The FDA approval processes of the more complex strate-
gies often take much longer time and are very costly, but are crucial for pav-
ing the road of translating more exciting tissue engineering strategies into
clinical settings.

TABlE 9.1
Commercially Available Tissue Engineering Products for Musculoskeletal Tissue
Repair

Company Product Description

Biomet, Inc.

Pro Osteon ® Ha + calcium carbonate

Dentsply Friadent CeraMed Frios

Algipore ®

Derived from calcium carbonate in
marine algae

OsteoGraf ® Derived from natural hydroxyapatite

DePuy Inc. Healos ® HA + collagen type I

Globus Medical, Inc. MicroFuse ST ® PLGA microspheres

Interpore Cross International ProOsteon ® Derived from calcium carbonate in

marine algae

Medtronic Inc. Infuse ® BMP-2 + collagen I

Orthovita Inc.

β -TCP

Vitoss ®

Osteomed OsteoVation ® Calcium phosphate

Osteotech Inc. Xpanse™ Demineralized bone

Plexur™ Allograft + polylactide-co-glycolide

Graftech ® Allografts

Graft Cage ® PEEK cage

Stryker OP-1 ® rhBMP-7 + collagen type I

Synthes, Inc Norian SRS ® Carbonated apatite

β -tricalcium phosphate

chronOS ®

Wright Medical Technologies Inc. Osteoset ® Calcium sulphate

Zimmer Inc. Triosite™ Biphasic calcium phosphate

Zimmer Inc.

HA/ β -TCP + collagen type I Collagraft ®