Environmental Engineering Reference
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can degrade the fungal cell walls and stimulate plant host defense pathways in freshly
harvested fruits, both of which may also make a restricted contribution to the strain's
antagonistic activity.
19.8 Botanical Biopesticides
The use of plant derivatives or botanical pesticides in agriculture dates back at least
2 millennia in ancient China, Egypt, Greece, and India (Thacker 2002; Ware 1983). Even
in Europe and North America, the documented use of botanicals extends back more than
150 years. At present, there are four major types of botanical products used for insect
control (pyrethrum, rotenone, neem, and essential oils), along with three others in limited
use (ryania, nicotine, and sabadilla) (Figure 19.3).
H 3 C
CH 3
H 3 C
CH 3
N
O
H 3 C
CH 3
N
O
O
Nicotine
Pyrethrins
OH
OH
H
OH
O
O
O
O
HO
O
N
O
HO
O
H
OCH 3
Rotenone
Ryanodine
OCH 3
O
COOCH 3
OH
OH
O
O
O
O
O
H
OH
AcO
CH 3 OOC
H
O
Azadirachtin
FIGURE 19.3
Botanical products used for insect control.
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