Pesticide Residues in Mother’s Milk - Pesticides: Evaluation of Environmental Pollution - page 562

TABLE 17.6
Concentrations of OCPs (ng/g Lipid Weight) in Mother's Milk Collected from the General
Population in the World Other than Asia

Country/Region Survey Year DDTs HCHs CHLs HCB Reference

Egypt 2001 517.31 a 47.97 b 7.13 c 9.26 Salem and Ahmed (2002)

2009 1315 225 — — Rahman (2010)

United Kingdom
(Lancaster)

2001-2003 156 d 16b 0.3 e 17 Kalantzi et al. (2004)

London 2001-2003 330 59.6 0.46 24.6 Kalantzi et al. (2004)

Taiwan 2000-2001 333 a 4 d 10 — Chao et al. (2006)

Russia 2003-2004 660 a 810 d 19 100 Tsydenova et al. (2007)

Johnson-Restrepo et al.
(2007)

United States 2004 65 d 19 32 3.2

Mexico 2005-2006 3064.63 f 753.67 974.62 — Rodas-Ortíz et al. (2008)

Turkey
(Kahramanmaras)

2003 2571 175 31 24 Erdogrul et al. (2004)

Antalya 2007-2008 1400 f 160 d — 39 Cok et al. (2011)

Ghana 2008-2009 18.05 f 26.44 — — Tutu et al. (2011)

Iran 2007 1930 a 1660 d — 1020 Behrooz et al. (2009)

Germany 2005 180 a 17 d 5 27 Raab et al. (2008)

Australia 2002 319.62 a 80.29 d 20 18 Mueller et al. (2008)

Tunisia 2002-2002 3863 a 67 g — 260 Ennaceur et al. (2007)

Norway 2000-2002 110 a 14 g 14 c — Polder et al. (2008)

Belgium 2006 156 a 12 g 7.8 c — Colles et al. (2008)

Poland (Wielkopolska) 2004 868 14.1 3.3 32.3 Jaraczewska et al. (2006)

a p,p′-DDE + p,p′-DDD + p,p′-DDT.
b α-HCH + β-HCH + γ-HCH.
c Oxychlordane + trans-nonachlor + cis-nonachlor.
d o,p′-DDE + p,p′-DDE + o,p′-DDT + p,p′-DDT + o,p′-DDD + p,p′-DDD.
e Oxychlordane + trans-nonachlor + cis-nonachlor + cis-chlordane.
f p,p′-DDE + p,p′-DDT.
g α-HCH + β-HCH.

ongoing exposures (Devanathan et al. 2009). No significant correlation was observed
between concentrations of OCs in human breast milk and the age of mothers, and there
was no difference in the concentrations between primipara and multipara. The estimated
infant daily intake of OCs showed that the intake of HCHs through lactation exceeded the
TDI, which is of primary concern on infant health (Devanathan et al. 2009). Furthermore,
an examination of the relationship between concentrations of OCs in human breast milk
and the age of mothers also showed no significant correlation (p > 0.05; Sudaryanto et al.
2005; Devanathan et al. 2009). A similar finding of no such correlation between OC lev-
els and the age of mothers was observed in the milk samples collected from Dalian and
Shenyang, Northeastern China (Kunisue et al. 2004b). Similarly, the study carried out on
milk samples from Russia (Tsydenova et al. 2007) also found no statistically significant
difference in OC levels between primiparas and multiparas, although the milk of primipa-
ras should have higher OC concentrations than that of multiparas, as OCs accumulate
throughout the years before pregnancy.
A positive correlation was observed between the concentration of OCPs in human breast
milk and mothers' age with primiparas. Primiparous women having higher OCP con-
centrations than multiparous women suggest that these parameters influence the OCP