Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 17.5
Concentrations of OCPs (ng/g Lipid Weight) in Mother's Milk Collected from the General
Population in Asian Countries Except India
Survey
Year
Country/Region
DDTs
HCHs
CHLs
HCB
References
China (Dalian)
2002
2100
a
1400
b
16
c
81
Kunisue et al. (2004b)
2007
527.2
d
231.8
b
3.0
e
32.8
Zhou et al. (2011)
Beijing
2000
641.6
a
169
b
—
—
Yao et al. (2005)
2007
1300
a
570
d
3.8
86
Haraguchi et al. (2009)
Hong Kong
2002-2003
1500
d
—
—
—
Hui et al. (2008)
Shenyang
2002
870
f
550
d
6.7
56
Kunisue et al. (2004b)
Guangzhou
2002
3500
f
1110
6.7
56
Wong et al. (2002)
Japan
2001
390a
110
g
67
c
16
Kunisue et al. (2006)
2002
380
a
140
g
63
c
16
Kunisue et al. (2006)
2003
230
a
83
g
77
c
10
Kunisue et al. (2006)
2004
400
a
100
g
95
c
13
Kunisue et al. (2006)
Japan (Sendai)
2007
260
a
190
d
41
18
Haraguchi et al. (2009)
Japan (Kyoto)
2007
160
a
77
d
31
13
Haraguchi et al. (2009)
Japan (Takayama)
2007
97
a
49
d
17
8.1
Haraguchi et al. (2009)
Korea (Seoul)
2007
180
a
110
d
14
13
Haraguchi et al. (2009)
Malaysia
2003
1600
a
230
b
23
c
11
Sudaryanto et al. (2005)
Philippines
2000
190
a
4.7
b
15
c
<0.56
Kunisue et al. (2002)
2004
314
a
7.7
b
17.14e
2.84
Malarvannan et al. (2008)
Indonesia
2001
640
a
14
eg
2.0
c
2.2
Sudaryanto et al. (2006)
2000-2003
1000
a
16
b
3.8
c
2.0
Sudaryanto et al. (2006)
Vietnam (South)
2000-2001
2100
a
58
b
2.0
c
3.9
Minh et al. (2004)
Vietnam (North)
2000-2001
2300
a
14
b
6.9
c
2.5
Minh et al. (2004)
Vietnam
2007
495
a
11.9
b
0.68
c
2.4
Tue et al. (2010)
Vietnam
2007
1200
a
140
0.75
7.4
Haraguchi et al. (2009)
Vietnam
2010
86.9
78
b
—
—
Si and Gia (2010)
1.6
h
1.6
Kunisue et al.
(2004b(Suburban))
Cambodia (urban)
2000
1800
a
5.6b
2000
1200
a
4.8
1.7
1.8
Kunisue et al. (2004b)
a
p,p′-DDE + p,p′-DDD + p,p′-DDT.
b
α-HCH + β-HCH + γ-HCH.
c
Oxychlordane+tans-nonachlor+cis-nonachlor.
d
o,p′-DDE + p,p′-DDE + o,p′-DDT + p,p′-DDT + o,p′-DDD + p,p′-DDD.
e
Oxychlordane + tans-nonachlor + cis-nonachlor + cis-chlordane.
f
p,p′-DDE + p,p′-DDT.
g
α-HCH + β-HCH.
Another survey showed that DDT compounds were the predominant organochlo-
rine contaminants in human milk samples from Vietnam (Tue et al. 2010). The total lev-
els of p,p′-DDT and its metabolites were an order of magnitude higher than the total of
HCHs > HCB > CHLs. The levels of CHLs were low: oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, and
cis-nonachlor were not detected in 27%, 39%, and 21% of the samples, respectively. These
results may reflect the usage pattern of OCPs in Vietnam, as the usage of HCB and CHLs
was very limited compared with other countries (Minh et al. 2004). The higher accumula-
tion of OCs in urban donors may be explained by their richer diets and shorter total lacta-
tion times, as levels of the contaminants were found to increase with the consumption of
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