Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
As stated earlier, many of these lipid-soluble compounds bioaccumulate and are not
cleared rapidly. Human milk is one route of elimination for the mother's body burden, but
unfortunately that route also increases the exposure of infants.
17.6.2 Pesticide Residues in the Indian Population
The mother's milk was collected from general public in different regions of India such as
Chennai, Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata, and Agra (Subramanian et al. 2007; Devanathan
et al. 2009; Someya et al. 2010; Kumar et al. 2006b). The occurrence of these chemicals
was noticed in the human breast milk collected from mothers living in and near vari-
ous locations such as agricultural and fishing villages, small towns, metropolitan cities,
municipal dumpsites, etc. In general, relatively high concentrations of DDT were detected in
mother's milk from different parts of India, followed by (in order) HCHs, CHLs, and HCB.
In the samples collected during 2002-2003 (Subramanian et al. 2007), it was found that all
samples from Chennai (metropolitan city), Perungudi (municipal dumpsite), Parangipettai
(fishing village), and Chidambaram (agricultural town) contained measurable quantities
of organochlorines (HCHs, DDTs, CHLs, and HCB; Table 17.4). The concentrations of DDT
in mother's milk from Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai were relatively higher than those from
other regions (Table 17.4). DDTs in Chennai mothers were few times higher than those from
Perungudi, Parangipettai, and Chidambaram, which can be explained by the possible use
of DDT for vector control within city limits (Subramanian et al. 2007). Ironically, Chennai,
which does not have any agricultural activity, had one order higher HCHs, the chemical
that is used predominantly for agricultural purposes, than places like Chidambaram and
Parangipettai, areas with agricultural activities. Whether HCHs are still in use by the local
government inside the city limits for insect control or by the private entrepreneurs and
public inside their premises is yet to be known.
TABLE 17.4
Residues of OCPs (ng/g Lipid Weight) in Mother's Milk Samples in the General Population
in India
Survey
Year
Location
DDTs
HCHs
CHLs
HCB
References
Chennai (city)
2002-03
1200 a
4500 b
7.3 c
4.2
Subramanian et al. (2007)
Perungudi
2002-03
450 a
650 b
8.2 c
1.7
Subramanian et al. (2007)
Parangipettai
2002-03
330 a
560 b
1.6 c
1.5
Subramanian et al. (2007)
Chidambaram
2002-03
240 a
410 b
0.99 c
1.4
Subramanian et al. (2007)
Mumbai
2005-06
450 a
220 b
3.4 c
1.7
Devanathan et al. (2009)
Delhi
2005-06
1500 a
340 b
2.6 c
3.2
Devanathan et al. (2009)
Kolkata
2004-05
1100 a
670 b
7.3 c
4.2
Subramanian et al. (2007)
2004-05
665 a
265 b
5.7 c
2.85
Someya et al. (2010)
Agra-Bakhoti
2005
179 d
123 b
Kumar et al. (2006b)
Chiraigaon
2005
170 d
129 b
Kumar et al. (2006b)
Ghodhakhas
2005
174 d
131 b
Kumar et al. (2006b)
Minahas
2005
179 d
127 b
Kumar et al. (2006b)
a p, p′-DDE+p,p′-DDD+p,p′-DDT.
b α-HCH+β -HCH+γ -HCH.
c Oxychlordane+trans-nonachlor+cis-nonachlor.
d o,p′-DDT+p,p′DDE+p,p′-DDD.
 
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