Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
0.14
HCHs
DDTs
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
22
yr
22
yr
24
yr
25
yr
33
yr
36
yr
50
yr
50
yr
55
yr
23
yr
31
yr
32
yr
34
yr
35
yr
38
yr
40
yr
51
yr
51
yr
55
yr
59
yr
Agriculturalists
Non-Agriculturalists
Occupation
FIGURE 15.3
Concentration levels (ppm) of HCH and DDT residues in serum blood samples taken from two groups of peo-
ple, from Aandipatti area of Madurai, South India: One group that has direct exposure to pesticides (agricultur-
ists and public health workers), and another group that has indirect exposure to pesticides through the food
chain. (Data refer to Subramaniam, K. and Solomon, R. D. J. 2006. Organochlorine pesticides BHC and DDE in
human blood in and around Madurai, India.
Indian J. Clin. Biochem.
21(2): 169-172.)
concentration of 65.5 μg/mL in the farmers from station no. 7 only. The highest concentra-
tion of cypermethrin (34.0 μg/mL) was found in the farmers from station no. 10. DDT +
DDE ranged 0.95-15.09 μg/mL in the farmers of station no. 1, compared with 17.37-44.18
μg/mL for no. 7 (
Table 15.2
).
Blood serum from 154 volunteers at 13 UK locations in 2003 was analyzed for a range of
PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs. HCB, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT, and β-HCH were the dominant OC pes-
ticides in most samples. Concentration was age-correlated for the less easily metabolized
PCBs, p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE, HCBs, and HCHs. With increasing age, females tended to
have lower concentrations of the more chlorinated PCBs than males (Thomas et al. 2006).
Subramaniam and Solomon (2006) monitored OCP residues (DDTs and HCHs) in the
blood samples taken from two groups of people from Madurai, South India: one that had
direct exposure to pesticides (agriculturists and public health workers) compared with the
other group that had indirect exposure to pesticides through the food chain. High concen-
trations of both the contaminants were observed in the serum samples of the people who
had direct exposure to the pesticides, with few exceptions. Generally, the pesticide residue
concentration in serum ranged from 0.006 to 0.130 ppm for HCHs and 0.002 to 0.033 ppm
for DDTs; however, there was variation between professional tasks and ages of the studied
limited population (Figure 15.3). Significance of this study reveals the presence of these
banned pesticides in human serum.
15.3.2 Pesticide Residues in Human Urine
Hill et al. (1995) measured 12 analytes in the urine of 1000 adults (20-59 years age) living in
the United States to establish a reference range of concentrations of pesticide residues. Six
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