Pesticide Residues in Man - Pesticides: Evaluation of Environmental Pollution - page 467

15
Pesticide R esidues in Man
Sameeh A. Mansour
CONTENTS
15.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 467
15.2 Environmental Dynamics of Pesticides.......................................................................... 469
15.2.1 Principal Sources of Pesticide Residues in Man................................................ 470
15.2.2 Outdoor Pesticide Contamination....................................................................... 470
15.2.3 Indoor Pesticide Contamination.......................................................................... 471
15.3 Pesticide Residues in Human Body ................................................................................ 472
15.3.1 Pesticide Residues in Human Blood ................................................................... 472
15.3.2 Pesticide Residues in Human Urine.................................................................... 476
15.3.3 Pesticide Residues in Seminal Fluid ................................................................... 480
15.3.4 Pesticide Residues in Adipose Tissues ............................................................... 481
15.4 Pesticide Residues with Respect to Human Sociodemographic Characteristics...... 482
15.5 Pesticide Epidemiology and Health Hazards of Occupational Exposure................. 494
15.5.1 Egypt........................................................................................................................ 494
15.5.2 India ......................................................................................................................... 497
15.5.3 Pakistan ................................................................................................................... 499
15.6 Toxic Hazards of Pesticide Exposure in Man (General)............................................... 500
15.6.1 Acute Intoxication .................................................................................................. 500
15.6.2 Chronic Effects ....................................................................................................... 500
15.7 Factors Contributing to Health Risks of Pesticide Exposure ...................................... 505
15.8 Factors Affecting Persistence and Fate of Pesticide Residues ..................................... 508
15.8.1 Physicochemical Factors ....................................................................................... 508
15.8.2 Metabolic Processes............................................................................................... 510
15.8.3 Environmental Factors .......................................................................................... 511
15.9 Minimizing and Removing Pesticide Residues ............................................................ 511
15.10 The Future Outlook and Needs..................................................................................... 512
15.11 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 514
References..................................................................................................................................... 514
15.1 Introduction
Currently, the world population is growing at an annual rate of 1.2%, that is, 77 million
people per year. Six countries account for half of this annual increment: India, China,
Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Indonesia. The world population grew from 2.5 bil-
lion in 1950 to 6.1 billion in the year 2000. Current projections show a continued increase
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