Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
14
Pesticide R esidues in Birds and Mammals
Raimon Guitart
CONTENTS
14.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 393
14.1.1 Addressing the Terminology ............................................................................... 394
14.1.1.1 Indirect Effects ........................................................................................ 396
14.1.1.2 Direct Effects............................................................................................ 396
14.1.2 Birds, Mammals, Pesticides, and Biomarkers.................................................... 398
14.2 Herbicides ........................................................................................................................... 400
14.2.1 Arsenic-Containing Herbicides ........................................................................... 400
14.2.2 Paraquat................................................................................................................... 401
14.2.3 Glyphosate .............................................................................................................. 401
14.3 Fungicides ........................................................................................................................... 401
14.3.1 Hexachlorobenzene ............................................................................................... 402
14.3.1.1 Birds .......................................................................................................... 402
14.3.1.2 Mammals.................................................................................................. 403
14.3.2 Pentachlorophenol ................................................................................................. 421
14.4 Insecticides.......................................................................................................................... 422
14.4.1 Organochlorine Insecticides ................................................................................ 422
14.4.1.1 Birds .......................................................................................................... 425
14.4.1.2 Mammals.................................................................................................. 427
14.4.2 Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides.............................................. 430
14.4.3 Pyrethroid Insecticides ......................................................................................... 431
14.5 Acaricides............................................................................................................................ 432
14.6 Rodenticides ....................................................................................................................... 432
14.6.1 Zinc Phosphide and Phosphine........................................................................... 433
14.6.2 Anticoagulant Rodenticides ................................................................................. 433
14.6.2.1 Birds .......................................................................................................... 435
14.6.2.2 Mammals..................................................................................................442
14.7 Conclusions.........................................................................................................................444
References.....................................................................................................................................444
14.1 Introduction
Pesticides have been used extensively since the end of World War II and are, at present, inte-
gral to modern agriculture, forestry, animal production, and public health across the world.
Roughly, some 3000 million kg of pesticides are applied worldwide per year, 500 million kg
corresponding to the United States. In spite of the unquestionable benefits, many of these
393
 
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