Pesticide Residues in Surface Water and Groundwater - Pesticides: Evaluation of Environmental Pollution - page 259

9
Pesticide Residues in Surface Water
and Groun dwater
Tatjana Vasiljević, Svetlana Grujić, Marina Radišić,
Nikolina Dujaković, and Mila Laušević
CONTENTS
9.1 Sources of Pesticide Residues in Water........................................................................... 259
9.1.1 Pesticide Entry Routes into Water ....................................................................... 261
9.2 Fate of Pesticides in Water ................................................................................................ 263
9.3 Regulatory Issues and Levels of Pesticide Residues in Surface Water and
Groundwater ...................................................................................................................... 268
9.3.1 Regulatory Issues Concerning Pesticide Residues in Surface Water and
Groundwater .......................................................................................................... 268
9.3.2 Levels of Pesticide Residues Found in Surface Water and Groundwater...... 270
9.4 Removal of Pesticide Residues During Drinking Water Production ......................... 272
9.4.1 Water Treatment Technology ............................................................................... 273
9.5 Methods for Monitoring Pesticide Residues in Water .................................................. 276
9.5.1 Sample Preparation ............................................................................................... 276
9.5.1.1 Solid-Phase Extraction............................................................................ 277
9.5.1.2 Recent Trends .......................................................................................... 282
9.5.2 Analyte Detection .................................................................................................. 282
9.5.2.1 GC Detection Methods........................................................................... 282
9.5.2.2 LC Detection Methods ........................................................................... 283
9.5.2.3 Comparison Between GC and LC Methods........................................ 285
9.5.2.4 Recent Trends .......................................................................................... 286
Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... 287
References..................................................................................................................................... 287
9.1 Sources of Pesticide Residues in Water
Agricultural food production accounts for about 70%-80% of the total pesticide use.
Application of pesticides has greatly increased crop yields and reduced losses. The major-
ity of agricultural pesticides are herbicides. Their widespread use has reduced the extent
of mechanical cultivation of soil in the control of weeds. However, with respect to human
exposure through food, insecticides and fungicides are the most important pesticides
because they are applied shortly before or after harvesting. Herbicide residues are the
most frequently detected residues in environmental waters (Manahan 2001). The temporal
and spatial changes of pesticide concentration in surface water are related to the timing of
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