Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
The apparent N recovery efficiency of corn on a global basis varied from 25% to 50%, or an aver-
age of 33% (Raun and Johnson, 1999). The apparent NUE of corn in China is much lower (<25%)
than in most developed countries (Ma et al., 2008; Ju et al., 2009). Cui et al. (2008) reported that
due to boosting of agricultural production and the availability of chemical fertilizers to farmers
since the 1990s, the apparent N recovery efficiency in cereal grain production decreased from 30%
to 35% in the 1980s to <20% currently in China (Duan et al., 2011). Ju et al. (2009) demonstrated
that the application rate of N fertilizer could be cut in half without the loss of yield if appropriate
management practices are adopted. Apparent N recovery efficiency can be improved in crop plants
with the adoption of improved management practices.
Benbi and Biswas (1996) reported that the apparent NUE of corn in India can be increased from
17% when N alone was applied to 33% by the application of balanced N and P fertilization together.
Similarly, Duan et al. (2011) reported that, in China, NUE in corn can be increased from 20% to
45% by increasing the available P. Zhang et al. (2009) reported that the application of manure could
significantly increase the total N content in the soil after 16 years of a wheat-corn cropping system
in China.
Nitrogen recovery efficiency for flooded rice grown in Asia has been reported to range from 20%
to 40% of applied N (De Datta et al., 1987, 1988; Schnier et al., 1990). These values were estimated
using 15 N-labeled fertilizer and by differences in methods for determining N recovery efficiency
values as calculated by Cassman et al. (1993). In some of these same studies, values ranged from
34% to 64%. Hussain et al. (2000) reported that N recovery efficiency in lowland rice grown in the
Philippines was 36%. Bronson et al. (2000) reported that recovery efficiency in transplanted rice
grown in Asia was higher (54%) when the difference method to calculate values was used than
when the isotopic dilution method (44%) was used to calculate values. Thind et al. (2010 reported
that ARE in lowland rice was 50%. Bijay-Singh and Yadvinder-Singh (2003) reported that despite
considerable research to increase NUE in rice, the ARE of N fertilizer achieved by rice farmers
ranges between 30% and 40%.
Even though agronomic and recovery efficiencies of N have been reported in the literature for
various crops, other efficiencies (physiological, agrophysiological, and utilization) have rarely been
reported. The N recovery efficiency in maize and sorghum has been reported to be about 25% from
long-term plot research in Nebraska (Olson et al., 1986) and 40% for wheat in Oklahoma (Raun and
Johnson, 1995). For cotton grown in Texas, N recovery efficiency has been reported to be in the
range of 19-38% (Chua et al., 2003) depending on the management practices adopted. Randall et al.
(2003) reported that apparent N recovery for corn ranged from 31% for total applied N at preplant
to 44% for the split treatment (total 150 kg N ha −1 , 40% applied as preplant and 60% sidedress at V8
stage as defined by Ritchie and Hanway, 1984).
Halvorson et al. (2002) reported the fertilizer N recovery by onion ( Allium cepa L.) to be 15%
and unfertilized maize recovered 24% of the fertilizer applied to onion. Brown et al. (1988) reported
N recovery efficiency by onion to be 19-26% depending on the rate and method of application.
Huggins et al. (2001) reported the ARE of maize to be 44% when grown in monoculture and 50%
when maize was grown in rotation with soybean ( Glycine max L. Mer r.).
Cassman et al. (2002) reported that N recovery efficiency in continuous lowland rice produc-
tion systems in Asia to be about 31% and a somewhat higher efficiency of 37% for maize in the
major maize-producing states of the United States. Errebhi et al. (1998) reported that during high
rainfall and leaching events, an average of only 33% of the applied N was recovered by potato.
While in the second year when growing season was characterized by less total rainfall and fewer
leaching events, N recovery efficiency was 56%. Abbasi et al. (2005) reported that in the plots of
grass sward, where NO 3 was added as a source of N, N recovery efficiency was between 24% and
43%. In the same experiment, when N was added as NH 4 + , the N recovery efficiency was between
39% and 48%.
The Nitrogen recovery efficiency of fertilizer N by cotton plants has been reported to be low in
field experiments (Stevens et al., 1996). Yasin (1991) reported that N recovery efficiency by cotton
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