Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
determined from within 1 m
2
quadrats. Plant biomass was collected from either
0.25 (in
J. roemerianus
stands only) or 0.5 m
2
quadrats in which all above-ground
stems were clipped at the sediment surface and later dried at 60°C for 2 + d before
determining dry mass. Sediment cores (2.1 cm dia., 5 cm depth) were collected
from each station and elevation and processed to determine soil pore water salin-
ity and organic content. Pore water salinity was measured by adding a know vol-
ume of deionized water (DW) to the sediment sample, agitating multiple times,
determining salt content of the supernatant using a refractometer, and calculating
total salinity by standardizing to the total water (DW + soil pore water) in the
sample. Organic content was determined by placing a known amount of sediment
in a furnace at 500°C for 4 + h and calculating the ash-free dry mass (AFDM) by
subtraction.
Along with plant and soil monitoring, CCU faculty and students and Huntington
Beach volunteers monitored a variety of other system characteristics such as fish
communities, bird use, and basic water chemistry. Some sampling efforts are ongo-
ing, but others have ceased as grants expired and students graduated.
4.2.6 Analyses
Data were analyzed using a variety of parametric, nonparametric, and multivariate
approaches. The lack of extensive before and, to a lesser extent, after sampling
times by necessity limits the actual application of BACI analyses (Underwood
1994). Instead, we applied one- and two-way ANOVA models and nonparametric
Kruskal-Wallis tests to the data where appropriate (e.g., normality and homogene-
ity assumptions satisfied). To compare among treatment levels (e.g., Sandpiper,
Jetty, Huntington locations) appropriate pairwise comparison tests for parametric,
Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch F or REGW F (Day and Quinn 1989), and nonpara-
metric, Dunn's multiple comparison test (Hollander and Wolfe 1973), were applied.
All tests, where possible, were run using SPSS v14. A nonmetric multidimensional
scaling (NMDS) ordination approach was used to analyze species composition data
(Cox and Cox 2001). Sorenson's distance measure weighed by relative coverage
was calculated for species compositions from the before or winter season samples,
and PC-ORD v5 used for NMDS.
4.2.7 Educational Efforts
In concert with the restoration and monitoring, there also were educational and out-
reach activities. A new observation deck and interpretive display were constructed
during 2005. The goal of these structures was to inform park visitors about the ongo-
ing restoration efforts (Fig. 4.5). In addition, Sandpiper Pond regularly is used as an
educational resource both in park programs and courses taught at CCU.
