Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 14.1
(a)
Phalaris minor
(indicated by an
arrow
) growing mainly in wheat fields;
(b)
A
cultivated field heavily infested with
Phalaris spp
. at the sea coast in Yulova, Turkey. In its native
range, Turkey,
P. minor
grows in mixed crops
fields (Fig. 14.1a). During wheat harvest,
P. minor
seeds are incorporated into the
soil and serve as a seed bank for the subsequent year.
Phalaris minor
is responsible for significant economic losses in wheat produc-
tion due to substantial declines in yield and quality of wheat (Singh et al. 1999).
Exponential reduction in wheat yield with increasing density of
P. minor
has been
reported repeatedly (see Khera et al. 1995; Dhaliwal et al. 1997). An increase in
