Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 12.5
Current (bold lettering) and required management options for parthenium in diverse
habitats
Habitats
Grazing area
and pastures
Forest and
nature reserve
Wasteland and
roadside
Countries
Crops
Urban area
Australia
M
L + GM + BC
+ CD
BC
C + BC + CD
C
Ethiopia
M + C +
AP
L + GM + BC
GM + BC
BC
BC
India
M + C +
AP
CD + GM +
BC + L
GM + BC
CD + GM +
BC
M + CD + BC
Kenya
C + AP
GM + BC
GM + BC
L + CD + BC
M + CD + BC
Mozambique
C + AP
L + GM + BC
+ CD
GM + BC
L + CD + BC
CD + BC
Nepal
C + AP
L + BC
BC
BC
BC
Pakistan
M + C +
AP
GM + BC +
CD
GM + BC
CD + BC +
GM
M + CD + BC
South Africa
M + C +
AP
GM + CD +
BC
GM + CD +
BC
CD + BC
CD + BC
Sri Lanka
M + C
L + GM + BC
+ CD
M + L + GM
+ BC
M + BC + CD
M + BC
Swaziland
C + AP
L + M + BC +
CD
GM + BC
L + M + BC +
CD
BC
Zimbabwe C + AP GM + BC BC BC BC
M
mechanical,
C
chemical,
AP
agronomic practices,
L
legislative,
GM
grazing management,
CD
competitive displacement,
BC
biological control
and Patil 1997; Navie et al. 1996), but their use appears not widespread due to the
cost of herbicides. In Kenya, parthenium is a major weed in coffee plantations,
where herbicides appear less effective (Njoroge 1991). In Australia, currently
parthenium is not a major crop weed, but its incidence has been reported in sug-
arcane, sunflower and sorghum (Navie et al. 1996, Parsons and Cuthbertson
2001). No detailed information is available of the role of parthenium as a crop
weed in other countries (e.g. Bangladesh, East Timor, Mozambique, Nepal,
Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Swaziland and Zimbabwe). An integrated
approach involving current and additional management tools is recommended for
parthenium in crops (Table 12.5).
12.5.2 Grazing Areas
Parthenium is a well-known weed in grazing areas in all countries where they are
known to occur. In Australia, parthenium is a serious problem in perennial grass-
lands in central Queensland, where it reduces beef production by as much as AUD
16.5 million annually (Chippendale and Panetta 1994). Recent study has shown that
