Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 12.3 (continued)
Introduced
country
Biological control agents
Source country
Year
Establishment status
Puccinia melampodii Dietel
& Holway
Ethiopia
Kenya?
1997
Localised
India
Unknown
1980?
Unknown
Kenya
Unknown
Unknown
Localised
South
Africa
Unknown
1995
Widespread
Australia
Mexico
1999
Unknown
Fig. 12.3 Epiblema strenuana larva inside the stem gall
The stem-galling moth Epiblema strenuana Walker (Fig. 12.3) was introduced
to Australia from Mexico in 1982 (McClay 1987; McFadyen 1987, 1992). It
became established and widespread within 2 years of introduction, and now occurs
in all parthenium-infested areas. Galling by E. strenuana causes serious visible
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