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The above diagram shows three separate data analysis stages. The first of them
is the traditional data analysis, which includes qualitative and quantitative
analyses. The results of this analysis are supplemented with the linguistic
presentation of the analysed data set, which forms the basis for extracting the
semantic features from these sets. Extracting the meaning of the sets from them is
the starting point for the second stage of the analysis, referred to as the semantic
analysis. The end of this stage at the same time forms the beginning of the next
analysis process, referred to as the cognitive data analysis. During this stage, the
results obtained are interpreted using the semantic data notations generated
previously. The interpretation of results consists in not just their simple
description or in recognising the situation being analysed, but it is in particular the
stage at which data, the situation and information is understood, the stage of
reasoning based on the results obtained and forecasting the changes that may
appear in the future.
4 Example of a Cognitive UBIAS System
A cognitive data analysis system analysing lesions occurring within foot bones
shown in X-ray images is an example of a cognitive system applied to the
semantic analysis of image data.
The UBIAS system carries out the analysis by using mathematical linguistic
algorithms based on graph formalisms proposed in publications [24]-[27], [45].
The key aspect in introducing the right definition of the formal grammar is to
adopt names of bones found within the foot, which include:
talus (t),
calcaneus (c),
os cuboideum (cu),
os naviculare (n),
os cuneiforme laterale (cl),
os cuneiforme mediale (cm),
os cuneiforme intermedium (ci),
os sesamoidea (ses),
os metatarsale (tm),
os digitorum (dip),
phalanx (pip).
The healthy structure of foot bones is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5 presents all the foot bones, divided into metatarsus, tarsus and phalanx
bones, which will be analysed by the proposed UBIAS system.
To provide the right insight into the proposed way of analysing foot bone
lesions in X-ray images, an X-ray of a foot free of any lesions within it, which
represents the pattern defined in the UBIAS system, is shown below (Fig. 6).
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