AN ACRE A MEAL? - MEAT: A Benign Extravagance - page 39

36 At the time of writing two different figures are given in WRAP (2009a) Household Food Waste , and WRAP
(2009b) Non Household Food Waste, http://www.wrap.org.uk/retail/food_waste/nonhousehold_food.html , and ht-

tp://www.wrap.org.uk/retail/food_waste/index.html
37 DEFRA (2007), Estimates of Household Food Waste, in Family Food , https://statistics.defra.govuk/esg/publica-
tions/efs/2007/annex.pdf .
38 Smil (2004), op cit. , p 166. Figures for food consumption are from USDA's 10th National Food Consumption Sur-
vey, see Cleveland L E et al , 'What We Eat in America', Nutrition Today , 32: pp 37-40.
39 Pérez, Rena (1990), Feeding Pigs in the Tropics , Ministry of Sugar, Havana, FAO Animal Production and Health
Paper 132.
40 Ayoola, G B and Ayoade, J A, S ocio-Economic and Policy Aspects of Using Crop Residues and Agro- Industrial
Byproducts as Alternative Livestock Feed Resources in Nigeria , University of Agriculture, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria
/ www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/Fulldocs/X5519b/x5519b1g.htm
41 Jackson, M G, 'Rice Straw as Livestock Feed', Ruminant Nutrition: Selected Articles from the World Animal
Review , FAO, 1978, http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/X6512E/X6512E07.htm
42 Devendra, C and Sevilla, C (2002), Availability and Use of Feed Resources in Crop-Animal Systems in Asia, Agri-
cultural Systems , 71(1) pp 59-73; cited in Steinfeld, Henning et al (2006), Livestock's Long Shadow , FAO, p 41.
43 Steinfeld et al (2006), ibid. , p 41.
44 Cobbett, W. (1822), Cottage Economy , Peter Davies, 1926, p 51. The tomato plant, a cousin of the potato, is also
disliked by animals.
45 Pimentel, D and Pimentel, M (1979), Food Energy and Society , Edward Arnold, p 55.
46 Nix (2007), op cit. 11 ; and Lambkin et al (2007), Organic Farm Management Handbook , University of Wales
Aberystwyth. Calculations as follows: 0.5 ha per cow plus feed costs of 0.25 ha and replacement costs 0.18 ha, minus
returns from calves and cull cows 0.06 = 0.87 ha; 6850 litres per cow = 7873 litre per ha = 250 kilos protein; wheat 1 ha
7.5 tonnes at 10 per cent protein = 750 kg = 3:1. Energy = 7873 litres x 600 = 4.7 million kcals. wheat 7500 kg x 3400 =
25.5 million = 5.4 to 1 . Organic 0.67 per cow plus 0.3 feed, plus 0.2 replacement minus 0.066 calf = 1.1 ha. 6000 litres
per 1.1 ha = 5500 per ha.; protein 5500 x 0.032 = 176 kg protein organic 400 x 0.91 (milling) = 3640 kilos x 0.1 = 364 =
a little over 2 to 1 ; energy 5500 x 600= 3.3 million kcals; 3640 x 3400 =- 12.3 million = 3.7:1 .
47 Rifkin (1992), op cit. 3 , p 161.
48 CAST (1999), op cit. 16, p 42.
49 Pimentel and Pimentel (1979) op cit. 45 , p 53.
50 De Haan, C et al (1997), Livestock and the Environment: Finding a Balance , FAO 1997, www.fao.org/AG/aga/
lspa/LXEHTML/tech/index.htm
51 Steinfeld et al (2006), op cit. 43 , p 271.
52 CAST (1999), op cit . 16, Interpretative Summary.
53 CAST (1999), ibid ., p 41.