Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
8
For information on the latest development in horse-powered technology, see
Small Farmers' Journal
, published by
Lyn Miller, in Sisters, Oregon.
9
Mouwad, J (2008), 'Pumping Hydrogen',
NY Times
, 23 September, 2008.
10
In particular he was comparing horses fed on land in Canada in the 1970s with a very low yield, with biofuel
produced on land with a very high yield. Dave from Darlington (n.d.), 'Horse Power: The Use of Draught Animals in
Agriculture',
Growing Green 5.
11
Fairlie, S (2006),
'
Biofuel, Horsepower and Hectares',
The Land
2, Summer 2006.
12
Dennis Avery (2000),
Earthday Celebrate the Gas Powered Tractor
, Hudson Institute;
http://www.hudson.org/in-
13
Jansen, Jan (2000a), 'Energy Analysis of Early, Mid and Late 20th Century Swedish Farming Systems: A Local
Case Study', in
Agriculture, Energy and Sustainability: Case Studies of a Local Farming Community in Sweden,
Doctor-
al thesis, Agraria 253, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
14
Mitchell, B R (1971),
Abstract of British Historical Statistics,
Cambridge Univesrity Press, 1971.
15
Laing, K (n.d.),
Horse Power for Organic Farms
,
http://www.ruralheritage.com/horse_paddock/index.htm
.
16
Pinney, C (n.d.),
The Case for Returning to Real Live Horse Power
,
http://www.feasta.org/documents/wells/con-
17
Jansen, Jan (2000b), 'Horses or tractors in a Bio-Energy Powered Future Swedish Agriculture', in
Agriculture, En-
ergy and Sustainability, op cit
.13.
18
Elsayed, M A
et al
(2003),
Carbon and Energy Balances for a Range of Biofuel Options
, Sheffield Hallam, for DTI
Sustainable Energy Programme. Most other estimates assign much higher processing costs for bioethanol, which would
make the tractor far more greedy for land than the horse. See for example: Richards, I R (2000),
Energy Balances in the
Growth of Oilseed Rape for Biodiesel and Wheat for Bioethanol
, Levington Agriculture Ltd, for British Association for
Bio Fuels and Oils, 2000.
19
Richards (2000),
ibid.
20
Richards and several other estimates all hover around 100 litres per hectare. The following studies suggest that 10
per cent is a reasonable estimate: Nagy (1999),
Energy Coefficients for Agriculture Inputs in Western Canada
, Canadian
Agricultural Energy End Use Data Analysis Centre; Barber, A and Scarrow, S (2001),
Kiwifruit Energy Audit
, Zespri In-
ternational. However 10 per cent seems low given the figure of 8 per cent allocated by Jansen for the much lighter and
probably longer-lived horse equipment.
21
A hectare of biodiesel from rape oil is much more inefficient and will only provide power to cultivate only a further
five hectares. Richards (2000),
op cit
.18.
22
See Fairlie (2006),
op cit .11.
23
Murphy, Jerry D,
Biomass, Biofuels, Biogas and Beverages
, Presentation to Institute of Brewers and Distillers,
Guinness Store House, 23 February 2007.
24
Laing (n.d.),
op cit.15.
25
Yates, Diana (2008),
Miscanthus can Meet U.S. Biofuels Goal Using Less Land than Corn or Switchgrass,
University of Illinois News Bureau, 30 July 2008,
http://news.illinois.edu/NEWS/08/0730miscanthus.html
26
Jansen (2000b),
op cit
.
