Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Note:
acronyms are explained as follows - high-income countries (HICs); medium-income countries
(MICs); low-income countries (LICs).
Source:
World Bank, 2000
Figure 11.3
Domestic and international passengers by income per capita group of
country of departure
always be overcome in the short term and may require a balanced policy approach
that allows for taking sufficiently harmonized or coordinated measures, while at the
same time providing incentives for innovative approaches and leadership.
Disparities at the global scale relating to policy-making in this field exist at least
with regard to the following issues:
•
the current geographic distribution of demand for aviation services;
•
the expected geographic distribution of the negative impacts of climate change;
•
the significance of tourism dependent upon aviation for gross domestic product
(GDP); and
•
the international structure of the aviation industry.
Not surprisingly, the geographic distribution of demand for aviation services shows
a similar pattern to GDP per capita. So far, demand for aviation services has been
the domain of people from developed countries travelling for leisure and business
purposes. Figure 11.3 depicts the distribution of passengers at airports in high- (HICs),
medium- (MICs) and low-income countries (LICs). It needs to be noted that these
figures are somewhat biased in favour of high-income countries because a significant
share of airport passengers in medium- and low-income countries is comprised of
citizens from high-income countries. With growing income per capita, it can be
expected that demand will grow faster in today's populous medium- and low-income
countries, per-capita income growth being one of the main determinants of the
enormous potential for additional demand for aviation services at the global scale.
While the causation of climate change is primarily located in the developed countries,
the expected impacts reveal a different pattern. This also applies to aviation-related
