Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
the service in 1981 but it did not get past the trial stage; in Italy and Sweden there were
the ETR 450 and 460 (Pendolino) and X-2000, respectively. These have all used passive
and/or active tilt-body technology, which allowed the trains to run at high speed on the
existing, but slightly improved, tracks. After the full success of the French TGV on the
Paris-Lyon line, the TGV Atlantiqué was introduced between Paris and Bordeaux in
1989. In 1991, German Inter-City-Express started operation. In Spain, the high-speed
train Alta Velocidad Espagñola (AVE) was launched in 1992 on a route connecting
Madrid and Seville (ITA, 1991; CEC, 1995).
2
Eurostar, the first French-British joint venture, started service between Paris and Lon-
don in 1995. The TGV Thalys, running between Paris and Brussels, and later Amster-
dam, was introduced in the middle of 1996 as the second international HSR service in
Europe (CEC, 1995).
3
Generalized travel costs are frequently used to measure the utility of an individual user
or a group of similar users while choosing transport mode. In general, this includes the
cost of travel time ('defer time' and in-vehicle time), the fare paid for travelling and the
cost of other conveniences offered to the user while en route between origin and destina-
tion (Janic, 1993).
4
The development of competition between HSR and APT on the Paris-Lyon route illus-
trates the way in which APT can recover after years of significant stagnation. This occurred
after Air France had established a hub at the Paris Charles de Gaule airport and offered
more frequent and price-competitive services on the route (EC, 1998b).
5
The two transport modes will be regarded as complementary for a user when their suc-
cessive utilization is either necessary or simply preferred to the utilization of a single trans-
port mode for carrying out the journeys between intercity origin and destination. This
definition focuses on the successive utilization of HSR and APT services (EC, 1998b).
6
Star Alliance is formed by 11 European and non-European airlines: Lufthansa, Scandi-
navian Airlines (SAS), United Airlines, Air Canada, Thai Airways, Varig, Singapore Air-
lines, All Nipon Airlines, Air New Zealand, Anset Australia and Mexicana.
R
EFERENCES
ATAG (1996a)
European Air Traffic Forecast 1980-2010
, Air Transport Action Group, Geneva,
Switzerland
ATAG (1996b)
Aviation and Environment
, Air Transport Action Group, Geneva, Switzerland
Ausubel, J H and Marchetti, C (1996) 'Elektron: Electrical Systems in Retrospect and Pros-
pect',
Daedalus
, vol 125, no 3 (summer), pp139-170
BM (1999)
Timetable
, British Midland, Derby, UK
Boeing (1998)
Evolution of the World Fleet: Time Line
, Boeing Aircraft Company, www.boeing.
com
CEC (1993)
The European High-Speed Train Network: Environmental Impact Assessment
,
Executive Summary, Commission of the European Communities, Directorate General
for Transport, Brussels, Belgium
CEC (1995)
High-Speed Europe
, High-Level Group, the European High Speed Train Net-
work, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium
EC (1998a)
Integrated Strategic Infrastructure Networks in Europe
, Final Report on the Action
COST 328, EUR 18165, European Commission, Luxembourg
EC (1998b)
Relationships between High-Speed Rail and Air Passenger Transport
, Final Report
on the Action COST 318, EUR 18165, European Commission, Luxembourg
EC (1999)
Transport in Figures: Statistical Pocket
Book, EU Transport, European Commis-
sion, Directorate General DG VII, Brussels, Belgium, p135
