1,4-Dioxane Chemistry, Uses, and Occurrence - Environmental Investigation and Remediation - page 79

1,000 50

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100

Methyl chloroform

1,4-dioxane

0

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980

Year

1985 1990 1995 2000

FIGURE 2.4 Annual U.S. production of methyl chloroform and 1,4-dioxane. Brackets indicate range of
1,4-dioxane production. (After Doherty, R.E., 2000, Journal of Environmental Forensics 1: 11. With permis-
sion; Data from Stanford Research Institute, 1989, 1989 Directory of chemical producers—United States of
America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International; Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), 2006, Online data-
base. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ (accessed July
2, 2005); and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2008, Non-coni dential Inventory Update
Reporting Production Volume Information . http://www.epa.gov/oppt/iur/tools/data/2002-vol.htm (accessed
January 2, 2008).)

1,4-Dioxane was produced at 10 locations in the 1980s, as summarized in Table 2.5. By 2000,
fewer companies produced this chemical. The primary ones were Ferro Chemical Corporation (Baton
Rouge, Louisiana), Dow Chemical (Freeport, Texas), BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany), Osaka Yuki
(Osaka, Japan), and Toho Chemical (Tokyo, Japan) (European Chemicals Bureau, 2002).

2.2.2 I MPURITIES AND S TABILIZERS OF 1,4-D IOXANE
1,4-Dioxane is available in several different grades that vary in purity, as well as the nature of impurities
present due to different production methods. Table 2.6 lists the common impurities of 1,4-dioxane and

TABLE 2.5
Producers of 1,4-Dioxane (ca. 1985)

Company Location

Ferro Corporation/Grant Chemical Division Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Union Carbide South Charleston, West Virginia

CPS Chemical Company Old Bridge, New Jersey

Dow Chemical Company Freeport, Texas

Ugine-Kuhlmann Frankfurt, Germany

BASF Aktiengesellschaft Ludwigshafen, Germany

Dow Chemical Company Terneuzen, Netherlands

Osaka Organic Chemical Industry, Ltd. Osaka, Japan

Sanraku-Ocean Company Tokyo, Japan

Toho Chemical Industry Company Tokyo, Japan

Source: Surprenant, K.S., 2005. In: W. Gerhartz, Y.S. Yamamoto, F.T. Campbell,
et al., (Eds). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim,
Germany: Wiley Interscience.