The Toxicology of 1,4-Dioxane - Environmental Investigation and Remediation - page 231

TABLE 5.1
Human Toxicity Studies for 1,4-Dioxane

Study Type Exposure Conditions Concentration Results References

Case report Four workers exposed to

1,4-dioxane in the workplace

Considered to be a high exposure, but
concentration not specii ed

Liver and kidney toxicities—fatal cases of
hemorrhagic nephritis and centrilobular necrosis
of the liver

Barber (1934)

Case report One worker exposed via

inhalation and dermal contact

Mean air concentrations ranged from
208 to 650 ppm

Toxicity in the liver, kidney, and brain—fatal case
of hemorrhagic necrosis of the kidney cortex,
centrilobular necrosis of the liver, perivascular
widening and small foci of demyelination in several
regions of the brain (i.e., cortex and basal ganglia)

Johnstone
(1959)

Volunteer study Six men and six women 20 ppm for 2 h at rest No clinical symptoms reported; no change was

observed in blink frequency, pulmonary function,
nasal swelling, or inl ammatory markers in plasma
(C-reactive protein, interleukin-6)

Ernstgård et al.
(2006)

Volunteer study Four men

Six men

1000 ppm for 5 min
2000 ppm for 3 min

No symptoms in most volunteers, constriction in the
throat noted for one volunteer

Fairley et al.
(1934)

Volunteer study 12 men and 12 women 200 or 300 ppm for 15 min 200 ppm was tolerable; 300 ppm caused irritation to

the eyes, nose, and throat

Silverman et al.
(1946)

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