1,4-Dioxane Chemistry, Uses, and Occurrence - Environmental Investigation and Remediation - page 105

49 ppb; four other construction and demolition landi lls had no detections. The median concentration
of 1,4-dioxane in municipal landi ll leachate at Subtitle D landi lls was 11 ppb, the mean was 118 ppb,
and the maximum detected concentration was 323 ppb (USEPA, 2000). At hazardous waste landi lls,
the median concentration was 466 ppb and the maximum was 7611 ppb (USEPA, 2000).
In Japanese landi lls, 1,4-dioxane was detected in 87.5% of leachate samples analyzed.
Concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 109 ppb with a reporting limit of 0.9 ppb (Yasuhara et al., 1997).
1,4-Dioxane was detected in leachates from hazardous wastes landi lls in Japan in the range
20.7-1370 g/L (Yasuhara et al., 1999).

1,4-Dioxane was detected in landi ll leachate at concentrations as high as 19,000 ppb at the
Operating Industries, Inc. (OII) site, a 190-acre hazardous waste landi ll located in Monterey Park,
California, near Los Angeles (USEPA, 1987). The Department of Energy's Pacii c Northwest
Laboratory analyzed 1,4-dioxane in industrial landi ll leachate at the Hanford site in Washington
and found that concentrations ranged from 40 to 180 ppb; most results fell in the range from 50 to
100 ppb (Department of Energy, 2000).
A study of the origins of 1,4-dioxane in leachate at a landi ll accepting only l y ash and bottom
ash from two incineration facilities sought to determine what chemical processes during incinera-
tion might cause 1,4-dioxane concentrations to be as high as 134

μ

g/L. Investigators concluded that
the thermal treatment of foam plastics, such as incineration of polyurethane foam upholstery mate-
rial in automobile-shredder wastes, may produce 1,4-dioxane as a by-product (Watanabe et al.,
2006). Bench-scale laboratory tests partially demonstrated that this synthesis can occur. A leaching
test on the incineration residue of isolated foam plastic waste produced 0.2 ppm 1,4-dioxane,
whereas leachate from unincinerated foam waste released no 1,4-dioxane (Fujiwara et al., 2006).
These i ndings were corroborated by a second study that analyzed 38 leachate samples from Japanese
municipal solid-waste landi lls. The maximum detected concentration of 1,4-dioxane in leachate
was 340 ppb. Of the leachate samples from landi lls that received incinerator wastes and shredded
solid waste mixed with incinerator waste (as opposed to noncombustible waste), 70% had 1,4-dioxane
detections. However, just 38% of the leachate samples from landi lls receiving only noncombustible
waste had 1,4-dioxane detections (Kurata et al., 2006).

μ

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