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on whether the pain was mainly in a radicular pattern from the back into one
or both lower extremities (indicative), or whether it was restricted to low
back only, by also been indicated by unusual marks outside the body region
to describe pain (non-indicative).
Body Regions Method . In this case, pain drawings are scored using a trans-
parency of the human body divided into regions, which is laid over a draw-
ing (fig.9) and the presence or absence of pain within a region is recorded,
as described by [31].
Fig. 9. The Body Regions method
However, a possible bias with this scoring system, as described by [34], is
that this method includes 45 body regions, many of which probably could
not be used in relation to back pain disease, therefore only regions associ-
ated with the back and other lower extremities should be used, such as re-
gions 17 to 22 and regions 36 to 45. To this end, in another study carried out
by [35], having in mind the bias possibility they limited down the division
of the body into five general regions, namely low buck and buttocks, poste-
rior thigh, posterior leg, anterior thigh, and anterior leg.
Grid Method. Similarly to body regions methods, as cited in [34], first [13]
described this technique by making a transparency of a grid (fig. 10) which
is laid over a pain drawing. The drawing was then scored by counting the
number of squares the patient indicated pain, however, in this case too, only
the low back and lower extremities were included in order to again avoid
bias with this scoring technique.
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