Computational Intelligence in Cognitive Healthcare Information Systems - Computational Intelligence in Healthcare: Advanced Methodologies - page 336

Fig. 1. Components of an intelligent information system
Source: own development
receive and correctly decode it, and thirdly the information recipient must correctly
interpret and understand it. Information interpretation and understanding characterise
intelligent information system, while the remaining element - data transmission - is
characteristic of all information systems.
Intelligent information systems are based on the complexity (calculation) theory,
whose foundations consist of, according to James S. Albus and Alexander M. Meystel
[1], [15], of perceiving, planning, motivating, training and emotions. However, their
most important component is knowledge, whose resources are kept in the human
brain. The fundamental computating element and at the same time the main compo-
nent making up the human brain is a single neuron. Every neuron is a tiny processor
containing receptors: synapses on dendrites. Every message is sent to other neurons
located inside an axon, whose each branch ends in a synapse on a dendrite or in a
human body cell far away from other neuron, or in a stimulated cell, like a muscle or
a gland.
Every image, and therefore every piece of information coming from its structure or
contents, is sent to the human brain, where it is analysed, classified and understood.
This is why all external stimuli sent to the brain in the form of images undergo a
whole series of processes which characterise the specific piece of information using
symbols assigned to each piece. All known languages, mathematics, science, art,
music, dance and theatre are founded on manipulating one or many forms of symbol-
ism, and what is more, industry, business, commerce and warfare could not operate
without using symbols. The issue here is the poor understanding of the theory ex-
plaining how neurons in the human brain present symbols or execute various types of
operations on the representations of symbols.
All over the world, research results concerning the representations of knowledge
are very actively studied by informatics and lead to lively discussions in the field of
artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics. Scientists elaborating theories describing
linguistic trends and representations in the human brain have a strong tendency to
depict all symbolism as a form that presents logical theories, expert system or linguis-
tic grammar rules [28]. Many researchers largely or completely ignore the meaning of
images as components of knowledge representation.