Biology Reference
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Cuffy, K. M. 2004. Into an ice age. Nature 431:133-34. [“Analyses of a new core from Green-
land yield the fi rst high-resolution picture of the start of the last ice age in the Northern
Hemisphere, and of the onset of climate instability as our planet cooled.” Summary of
NGRIP 2004.]
Davies, T. J., A. Purvis, and J. L. Gittleman. 2009. Quaternary climate change and the geo-
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Mérida Andes, Venezuela; Lago Icalmam, Chile.]
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temperature reconstructions based on midge remains in sediments of two lakes from
Baffi n Island, Nunavut, Arctic Canada. Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. Palaeoecol. 236:107-24.
[“2.22°C for summer water temperatures . . . 1.53°C for mean July air temperatures.
Reconstructions at both sites indicate that summer temperatures during the last
interglacial were higher than at any time in the Holocene, and 5 to 10°C higher than at
present.”]
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the Holocene.”]
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Economics of Climate Change estimates that “tackling climate change [now] would cost
20 times less than doing nothing,” or about 1 percent GDP.]
González-Carranza, Z., J. C. Berrío, H. Hooghiemstra, J. F. Duivenvoorden, and H. Behling.
2008. Changes of seasonally dry forest in the Colombian Patía Valley during the early
and middle Holocene and the development of a dry climatic record for the northernmost
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wet conditions were present at the Patía Valley from c. 9510 to 8600 cal yr BP, whereas
between c. 8360 to 8260 cal yr BP dry conditions prevailed in the valley. The pollen rec-
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