Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Whites
Blacks
Hispanics
Asian/Pacific Islanders
E - Selectin
E - Selectin
ICAM - 1
ICAM-1
VCAM - 1
VCAM-1
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
Relative risk
Relative risk
RR
Multivariable model 1
Multivariable model 2
Fig. 2
Ethnicity-specii c diabetes risk per 1 standard deviation increment in endothelial markers
in four US ethnic groups. Based on values from Table 3 published in Song
et al.
(2006). Each
standard deviation increase equals 20.4 ng/ml for E-selectin, 89.3 ng/ml for ICAM-1, and 245
ng/ml for VCAM-1. Model 1 was adjusted for matching factors (age, clinical center, time of blood
draw, and follow-up duration), body mass index, alcohol intake, physical activity, cigaret e smoking,
post-menopausal hormone therapy, and family history of diabetes. Model 2 was simultaneously
adjusted for E-selectin, ICAM1, and VCAM-1 in Model 1.
RR (95% CI)
E-selectin
Meigs (2004), NHS (women)
Thorand (2006), MONICA/KORA (men)
4.61 (2.85 -7.46)
2.63 (1.79 -3.88)
1.71 (1.07 -2.75)
2.89 (2.11 -3.96)
2.78 (1.98 -3.91)
Thorand
(2006), MONICA/KORA (women)
Song (2006), WHI-OS (women)
Pooled RR
ICAM -1
Meigs (2004), NHS (women)
Thorand (2006), MONICA/KORA (men)
1.75 (1.05-2.92)
1.32 (0.89-1.96)
1.03 (0.64-1.67)
1.85 (1.35-2.52)
Thorand (2006), MONICA/KORA (women)
Song (2006), WHI -OS (women)
Pooled RR
1.48 (1.14-1.93)
VCAM -1
Meigs (2004), NHS (women)
Song (2006), WHI -OS (women)
Pooled RR
0.64 (0.41-1.00)
1.05 (0.74-1.50)
0.84 (0.52-1.36)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Fig. 3
Meta-analysis plot of relative risk (RR) and 95% coni dence interval (CI) of type
2 diabetes for endothelial biomarkers in the highest quantities versus the lowest quantities.
Unpublished meta-analysis results. Shaded diamonds indicate the pooled relative risks. h e results
were obtained from multivariable-adjusted models in each study when these biomarkers were
adjusted simultaneously. h e MONICA/KOA study included only E-selectin and ICAM-1.
NHS, the Nurses' Health Study; MONICA/KOA , the Monitoring of Trends and Determinants
in Cardiovascular Disease/Cooperative Research in the Region of Augsburg Study; WHI-OS,
h
e Women's Health Initiative-Observational Study.
