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“enzyme of the algorithm”, and representing biochemistry by strings. On later
stage of the 1960s, Lindenmayer put forward the mathematical model of the cell
interaction in growing and developing, which is called L-system now. These
relatively simple models can obviously reveal the complex developing history,
and support the communication and the difference of cells.
Since the 1970s, Conrad and his colleagues researched on self-adaptation,
evolution and colony dynamics of artificial bionic systems, and proposed
“artificial world” model which was improved repeatedly. Later, the research
emphasis was put on the individual adaptability of system emergence.
Chomsky's formal language theory was applied to the specification of
programming language and the development of compiling program. The cellular
automata were applied to image processing. Conway proposed the game theory
of life cellular automata. In this theory, a cell will be open, if there are 3 open
cells among the 8 cells around it. And a cell will keep open, if there are 2 or 3
open cells in the cells around it. Otherwise, it will shut off. Such cellular
automaton systems were tested extensively.
The areas related to artificial intelligence, such as classical logic, search
algorithm, heuristic searching, reasoning, neural network, genetic algorithm,
fuzzy mathematics, etc, had made great progress. And the most important thing
was the proposition of knowledge based reasoning, i.e., knowledge engineering
and expert system, which applied artificial intelligence to practice and caused the
emerging of various expert systems. But there existed many problems of expert
system in the application, such as knowledge representation, commonsense
reasoning, non-monotonic reasoning, framework issue, knowledge acquisition,
validity of problem solving, etc.
In the eighties, the artificial neural network rose again. Many neural network
models and learning algorithms emerged. In the meantime, the research of
artificial life also rose gradually. The 1st International Workshop on Artificial
Life was held in 1987.
15.3 Artificial Life Model
The development of the research in artificial life is similar to the early history of
artificial intelligence. At present, there are many examples of artificial life
programs. The famous ones are as follows:
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