Information Technology Reference
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various requirements, lots of logic systems have been proposed and studied; in
the following we enumerate some typical examples.
(1) In order to represent knowledge on epistemic, such as believe, know, desire,
intention, goal and commitment, various modal logics were proposed.
(2) In order to represent knowledge which is related to time, various temporal
logics were proposed.
(3) In order to represent knowledge with uncertainty, the so-called fuzzy logic
was proposed. As a system built upon the natural language directly, fuzzy
logic adopts many elements from the natural language. According to Zadeh,
the founder of fuzzy logic, fuzzy logic can be regarded as a computing
system on words; in another words, fuzzy logic can be defined by the
formula “fuzzy logic = computing with words”.
(4) Knowledge of humans is closely interrelated to human activities.
Accordingly, knowledge on behavior or action is important for intelligent
systems. Compared with various static elements of logic, action is
distinguished by the fact that the execution of actions will affect properties of
intelligent systems. Representation and reasoning about actions are classical
topics in the study of artificial intelligence; many problems, such as the
frame problem and the qualification problem, were put forward and well
studied. Many logic systems, such as the dynamic logic and the dynamic
description logic, were also proposed.
(5) Computer-aided decision-making has become one of the important
applications of computer. Persons always hold their predilections as while as
they are making a decision. In order to represent the rule and simulate the
behavior of people's decision-making process, it is inevitable to deal with the
predilection. As a result, based on the management science, a family of
so-called partial logics was proposed and studied.
(6) Time is one of the most important terms present in intelligent system. Some
adverbs, such as occasionally, frequently and ofter, are used in the natural
language to represent time. Knowledge about the time which is described by
