Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Pumps and Motors
Reinforced
Concrete Caisson
River
Supports
Figure 5.7
Screened shore pipe intake.
Note:
Submerged intakes are not readily accessible when they require
repair or maintenance. When they are used in lakes or reservoirs, another
distinct disadvantage is the lack of alternative withdrawal levels avail-
able to provide the highest quality of water throughout the year.
Surface Water Distribution
Along with providing potable water to the household tap, water distribution
systems are ordinarily designed to adequately satisfy the water require-
ments for a combination of domestic, commercial, industrial, and firefight-
ing purposes. The system should be capable of meeting the demands placed
on it at all times and at satisfactory pressures. Pipe systems, pumping sta-
tions, storage facilities, fire hydrants, house service connections, meters, and
other appurtenances are the main elements of the system (Cesario, 1995).
Water is normally distributed by one of three different means: gravity dis-
tribution, pumping without storage, or pumping with storage.
Gravity dis-
tribution
is possible only when the source of supply is located substantially
above the level of the community.
Pumping without storage
(the least desir-
able method because it provides no reserve flow and pressures fluctuate
