Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
NBAC (2001) When research is concluded: Access to the benefits of research by participants,
communities and countries. In: Ethical and policy issues in international research: Clinical
trials in developing countries. National Bioethics Advisory Commission, Bethesda, pp
Nyika A, Kilama W, Chilengi R, Tangwa G, Tindana P, Ndebele P, Ikingura J (2009)
Composition, training needs and independence of ethics review committees across Africa:
Are the gate-keepers rising to the emerging challenges? J Med Ethics 35:189-193
Pace C, Emanuel E (2005) The ethics of research in developing countries: Assessing voluntari-
ness. The Lancet 365:11-12
Schuppli CA, Fraser D (2007) Factors influencing the effectiveness of research ethics commit-
tees. J Med Ethics 33:294-301
Scott N, Seglow J (2007) Altruism. Open University Press, Maidenhead
Shaffer DN, Yebei VN, Ballidawa JB, Sidle JE, Greene JY, Melsin EM, Kimaizo SJN, Tierney
WM (2006) Equitable treatment for HIV/AIDS clinical trial participants: A focus group
study of patients, clinical researchers, and administrators in western Kenya. J Med Ethics
32:55-60
Shapiro K, Benatar SR (2005) HIV prevention research and global inequality: Steps towards
improved standards of care. J Med Ethics 31:39-47
Shiva V (2005) Earth democracy: Justice, sustainability and peace. South End Press, Cambridge
Slowther A (2007) Ethics consultation and ethics committees. In: Ashcroft RE, Dawson A,
Draper H, McMillan JR (eds) Principles of health care ethics, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester, pp
527-534
Smith A (1976) An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Campbell RH,
Skinner AS (eds). Clarendon Press, Oxford (first published in 1776)
Taneja P (2008) India's surrogate mother industry. BBC News, 12 Oct.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/
Tangwa GB (2009) Ethical principles in health research and review process. Acta Trop
112S:S2-S7
Titmuss R (1997) The gift relationship: From human blood to social policy. Expanded and
updated. Oakley A, Ashton J (eds). New Press, New York (first published in 1970)
Trade and Industry Select Committee (2002) Twelfth Report. House of Commons (UK).
UNESCO (2005) Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. Adopted
by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization, 33rd Session, 19 Oct.
http://portal.unesco.org/en/
WIPO (2011) 2011 World Intellectual Property Indicators. World Intellectual Property
Organization.
http://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/wipi/index.html
WMA (1975) Declaration of Helsinki: Recommendations guiding medical doctors in biomedical
research involving human subjects. Adopted by the 18th World Medical Assembly, Helsinki,
Finland, 1964, and as revised by the 29th World Medical Assembly, Tokyo, Japan.
http://
WMA (2008) Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human
subjects. Adopted by the 18th World Medical Association General Assembly, Helsinki,
Finland, June 1964, latest revision by the 59th WMA General Assembly, Seoul, Korea,
