Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 8.4.
Average probabilities of failure of embankment dams by internal erosion and piping (Foster et al., 1998, 2000a).
Embankment
Foundation
Embankment into foundation
Average annual
Average annual
Average annual
10
6
)
10
6
)
10
6
)
P
e
(
P
f
(
P
ef
(
First 5
After 5
First 5
After 5
First 5
After 5
Average
years
years
Average
years
years
Average
years
years
Zoning category
P
Te
(
10
3
)
operation
operation
P
Tf
(
10
3
)
operation
operation P
Te f
(
10
3
)
operation
operation
Homogeneous earthfill
16
2080
190
Earthfill with filter
1.5
190
37
Earthfill with rock toe
8.9
1160
160
Zoned earthfill
1.2
160
25
Zoned earth and rockfill
1.2
150
24
Central core earth and rockfill
(
1.1)
(
140)
(
34)
1.7
255
19
0.18
19
4
Concrete face earthfill
5.3
690
75
Concrete face earthfill
(
1)
(
130)
(
17)
Puddle core rockfill
9.3
1200
38
Earthfill with corewall
(
1)
(
130)
(
8)
Rockfill with corewall
(
1)
(
130)
(
13)
Hydraulic fill
(
1)
(
130)
(
5)
All dams
3.5
450
56
1.7
255
19
0.18
19
4
1. P
Te
, P
Tf
and P
Te f
are the average probabilities of failure over the life of the dam.
2. P
e
, P
f
and P
ef
are the average annual probabilities of failure.
Copyright © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK
