Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
8000
Sandy and Gravelly Cores
(GM/GC/SM/SC) - medium to
thick cores, plastic fines
R
2
0.97
4%
7000
6000
Tedorigawa
Blowering
Clayey and Silty Cores
(CL/CH/ML/MH)
R
2
5000
0.96
6%
4000
2%
3000
Beliche
Sandy and Gravelly Cores
(GM/GC/SM/SC) - thin cores
R
2
0.94
2000
Hirakud
Sandy and Gravelly Cores
(GM/SM/GP/SP) - non plastic
or low fines content
R
2
0.98
1000
0
0
50
100
150
200
Embankment height (m)
Clayey and silty cores
Sandy and gravelly cores - medium to thick, plastic fines
Sandy and gravelly cores - non plastic or low fines content
Sandy and gravelly cores - thin
Figure 6.39.
Total settlements during construction of earth and earth and rockfill embankments
(Hunter 2003; Hunter and Fell, 2003d).
Table 6.5.
Equations of best fit for core settlement versus embankment height during construction
(Hunter, 2003; Hunter and Fell, 2003d).
Core material/
Std. err. of
Equation for settlement*
1
R
2
*
2
settlement*
3
(mm)
shape type
No. cases
Clay cores - all sizes
42
H(0.152 H
12.60)
0.96
275
Sandy and gravelly cores:
Medium to thick,
Plastic
25
H(0.183 H
7.461)
0.97
290
Thin
5
H(0.136 H
2.620)
0.94
635
Non-plastic
7
H(0.0635 H
8.57)
0.98
130
Notes: *
1
Settlement in millimetres, embankment height
H
in metres.
*
2
R
2
regression coefficient.
*
3
Std. err.
standard error of the settlement.
(c)
Post construction settlement
Figure 6.41
shows post construction crest settlements 10 years after the end of con-
struction.
Figure 6.42
shows long term post construction crest settlement rates for
zoned earthfill and earth and rockfill embankments.
Table 6.8
shows typical ranges of post construction settlement and long term set-
tlement rates for different core materials, core widths and compaction moisture con-
tent. These exclude “outliers”.
The core width is classified as:
Thin - width
0.5 dam height.
Medium - width
0.5 and
1.0 dam height.
Wide - width
1.0 dam height.
