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[25]. The in vivo animal results shown in Fig. 6.9 disclosed that all
the implants exhibited direct contact with the newly formed bone
and the trend of bone formation around the implants followed
the trend of N−PIII>C−PIII>unimplanted control. N−PIII or C−PIII
appeared to induce more initial cell adhesion, proliferation, and new
bone formation. Among the different PIII&D samples, N−PIII led to
the best capability of stimulating cells to synthesise, secrete, and
assemble the ECM [25].
Figure 6.9
Hard tissue sections of Gimesa and Eosin stained around the
implant after implantation for 12 weeks where “I” represents
implant, “B” represents bone, and “M” represents bone marrow:
(a) Unimplanted Ti alloy, (b) C−PIII Ti alloy, and (c) N−PIII Ti
alloy (scale bar is 200
m). Reprinted with permission from
Ref. [25]. Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society.
µ
6.2.2 Metal PIII&D
Metallic ion PIII&D was adopted to alter the interfacial structure to
enhance the biocompatibility of titanium alloys both in vitro and in
vivo [31-38]. Wei et al. developed a metal plasma source termed
metal plasma electron evaporation source (MPEES) from which a
large volume of metal plasma could be generated [31]. The typical
metallic plasma source consisted of a crucible, a discharge chamber
and a top plate all made of graphite. Inside the discharge chamber,
there was a tungsten filament and outside the source, there was a
copper coil forming a solenoid, as schematically depicted in Fig. 6.10.
Using this method, calcium (Ca) powders in a crucible were
heated to produce the discharge current and Ca ions were plasma-
implanted by applying a pulsed high voltage to the titanium surface.
During the high voltage off-cycle, Ca ions were deposited onto
titanium to enhance the surface bioactivity [32]. Ca-PIII&D altered
the surface structure of titanium, as shown by the scanning electron
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