Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
IL, MA, MI, NC, PA, UT, associated with
black root; Mycosphaerella fragariae, com-
mon leaf spot, black-seed disease, general;
M. louisianae, purple leaf spot, LA, MS, NC.
N
EMATODE
, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum;
X. diversicaudatum; X. chambersi.
N
EMATODE
, Leaf and Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci,
CA, ID, NC, OR, TX, WA.
N
EMATODE
, Lesion. Pratylenchus penetrans;
P. coffeae; P. pratensis; P. scribneri.
N
EMATODE
, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla.
N
EMATODE
, Spring Dwarf. Aphelenchoides
fragariae, MA to FL, AR, CA, MI, TX, TN,
WA; Summer Dwarf, Crimp. A. besseyi,
southeastern and Gulf states, also AR, CA,
DE, IL, TX.
N
EMATODE
, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis.
N
EMATODE
, Stubby Root. Trichodorus christiei.
N
ONPARASITIC
. Black Root, Brown Root. Winter
injury,
coniothyrium; Fusarium spp.; Olpidium
brassicae, WA; Pythium spp., widespread;
Ramularia spp., ID, OR, WA; Idriella
lunata, CA, MD; Phomopsis obscurans,
OH; Macrophomina
phaseolina,
FL,
Argentina.
R
OT
, Root, Stolon and Petiole. Pestalotia
longisetula, IL, OR.
S
LIME
M
OLD
. Diachea leucopodia, CA, IL, KS,
LA, MS, MO, TN, TX; Fuligo septica, IA,
KS, MN, NE, NJ, TX, WA; Mucilago
spongiosa, KS, MN, MO, NE, OK;
Physarum cinereum, IL, NE, NJ.
S
OOTY
M
OLD
. Scoria spongiosa, ME.
V
IRUS
. Strawberry Crinkle, CA, ID, MN, NY,
OR, WA; Strawberry Yellow Edge,
Xanthosis, CA, NC, OR, WA, and other
states introduced from West Coast; Straw-
berry Leaf Roll, MD, NJ, NY, OR, VT;
Strawberry Mottle; Strawberry Multiplier
Disease, WI; Strawberry Necrotic Shock,
CA; Strawberry Pallidosis, CA, OR, Mid-
Atlantic, British Columbia, Canada; Straw-
berry Pseudo Mild Yellow Edge; Straw-
berry Mild Yellow Edge, CA; Strawberry
Vein Necrosis, MN; Strawberry Vein
Banding; Strawberry Witches' Broom, ID,
MN, MT, NY, OR, WA; Tomato Ringspot,
PA; Apple Mosaic, OR; Chlorotic Peacock
Pattern, OR; Cucurbit Yellows, OR; Straw-
berry Phyllody, MD, WV; Tobacco Streak,
MD.
W
ILT
. Verticillium albo-atrum,CA,FL,NY,
OR, WA; Colletotrichum acutatus,AR,CA,
FL, MS, MO; Fusarium oxysporum,CA.
Red Stele is, except in the deep South, of first
importance on strawberries. The roots rot, and
above-ground parts are stunted and wilted.
Choose resistant varieties, such as Stelemaster,
Sparkle, Surecrop, Midway, and Fairland. Pur-
chase plants certified free from nematodes and
virus diseases. Mulching helps to prevent fruit
rots.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers'
Bulletin 1891 gives an excellent discussion of
“Diseases of Strawberries”. The American
Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN has
published a Compendium of Strawberry Diseases.
defective
drainage,
soil
toxins,
widespread.
Chlorosis. Iron deficiency.
Variegation, June Yellows. Chlorophyll defi-
ciency, especially in Blake more, Progressive,
and related varieties, general.
P
OWDERY
M
ILDEW
. Sphaerotheca macularis,
general but rare in South, reported in FL, CA.
R
OT
, Crown. Phytophthora cactorum,
NY; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, MD to FL,
CA, IL, IA, MN, TX; Sclerotium rolfsii,
AL, FL, NC, TX; Macrophomina
phaseolina, CA, FL, Argentina.
R
OT
, Fruit. Penicillium spp., secondary;
Pezizella lythri, also leaf spot, root rot, ME
to FL, AK, IL, IA, MI, OH, OK, OR,
WI; Phytophthora cactorum, leather rot,
AL, AR, IL, KY, LA, MD, MI, MO, OH,
TN, VA; Rhizopus nigricans, black rot, cos-
mopolitan; Rhizoctonia solani, hard brown
rot, widespread; Sphaeropsis sp., CA, CO,
IL, IA, MN.
R
OT
, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, SC.
R
OT
, Red Stele; Brown Core Root Rot.
Phytophthora fragariae, ME to VA, IA,
OK; also CO, MI, WI, Pacific states.
R
OT
, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA, OR, WA;
Cylindrocladium scoparium, OR, TN; asso-
ciated with
black
root;
Leptosphaeria
