Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
C ANKER , Scurf Bark. Clasterosporium sp.
C ANKER , Twig. Coryneum foliicola, widespread;
Gibberella baccata; Nectria cinnabarina,
northern U.S.
D ECLINE . Irpex tulipiferae, MN; Coriolus
versicolor, also dieback, MN, WA;
Schizophyllum commune, MN.
F RUIT S POT , Black Pox; Canker; Leaf Spot.
Helminthosporium papulosum, GA, IN,
MA, MS, NJ, OH, PA, WV; Phacidiopycnis
washingtonensis (also Fruit Rot), WA.
F RUIT S POT , Brooks. Mycosphaerella pomi, New
England to NC, AR, IA, MO.
F RUIT S POT , Flyspeck. Microthyriella rubi,
general.
L EAF S POT . Cercospora mali, Gulf states, VT;
Coniothyrium pyrinum; Diaporthe
pernisiosa, AR; Fabraea maculata, IA;
Illosporium malifoliorum, PA to NC, IN;
Mycosphaerella sentina, IL, NJ, PA;
Pestalotia spp., MD to NC, ID, IN; Ghost
Spot, Alternaria tenuis, GA; Cristulariella
pyramidalis,
Leaf Scorch. Magnesium deficiency.
Measles, reddish pimples in bark. Widespread;
cause unknown, possibly boron deficiency in
part. False measles due to manganese toxicity.
Ozone Injury. Pitted area in flesh.
Rosette; Little Leaf. Usually zinc deficiency.
Scald. Discoloration of fruit skin by volatile
respiratory products, general in storage. Con-
trolled by oiled paper wraps.
Soft Scald and Soggy Breakdown. Associated
with delayed storage and low temperature.
Stigmonose. Fruit dimpling, distortion from
insect punctures; widespread.
Sunburn, of fruit. Heat or light injury.
Sunscald, of bark. Freezing injury of trunk and
larger branches on side exposed to sun.
Water-Core. Deficient or irregular water supply.
P OWDERY M ILDEW . Podosphaera leucotricha and
P. oxyacanthae, general.
R OT , Bitter, of Fruit; Canker. Glomerella
cingulata, general, especially in South, rare
in West; G. rubicola, IL; Colletotrichum
acutatum, AR, MI.
R OT , Black; Frog-Eye Leaf Spot; Canker.
Physalospora obtusa, general to the Great
Plains; P. mutila, CA, MT, OR, WA;
P. rhodina,KY.
R OT , Black Root. Botryosphaeria obtusa, PA;
Xylaria mali, eastern and central states.
R OT , Brown. Monilinia fructicola, general
except for far South; M. laxa, OR, WA.
R OT , Calyx-end. Alternaria sp., Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum, NH, WA.
R OT , Crown. Phytophthora cactorum, MA.
R OT , Fruit. Alternaria mali; Aspergillus niger;
Cephalosporium carpogenum; Corticium
centrifugum, Pacific Northwest, occasional
in East; Chaetomella sp., WA;
Cladosporium spp.; Endomyces mali;
Epicoccum granulatum, WA;
Gloeosporium spp.; Gliocladium viride, IL;
Hormodendron cladosporiodes, WA;
Mucor piriformis, CA, WA; Oospora sp.;
Phialophora malorum, IN, VA, WA;
Pleospora fructicola, WA; P. herbarum,
Pacific states; Penicillium spp., cosmopolitan;
Phoma spp.; Stemphylium congestum, WA;
Tricothecium roseum, general;
FL,
on Malus
pumila ,
Glomerella cingulata, TN.
M ISTLETOE . Phoradendron serotinum
(flavescens), NC, TX; Viscumalbum, CA.
N EMATODE , Lesion. Pratylenchus penetrans;
P. pratensis.
N EMATODE , Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., MS,
TX, UT.
N ONPARASITIC . Bitter Pit, Stippen, Baldwin
Spot, general in storage.
Black End. Probably drought injury, AL, OR, WA.
Black Heart, of wood. Perhaps freezing injury;
widespread.
Brown Core, in MacIntosh variety. Excessive
nitrogen, low storage temperature.
Callus Knot. Wound overgrowth from defective
union of stock and scion.
Chlorosis. Usually iron deficiency in alkaline
western soils.
Collar Rot. Winter injury.
Cork; Rosette. Boron deficiency, northeastern
states to IN, KY, Pacific Coast.
Internal Bark Necrosis. Cause unknown, possi-
bly same as measles; general.
Jonathan Spot. Associated with dry weather,
delayed storage.
Botrytis
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