Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
should be aware of these admixtures, but will need to study their applica-
tion in detail, as well as their cost, before using them. Examples of specialty
admixtures include
workability agents
corrosion inhibitors
damp-proofing agents
permeability-reducing agents
fungicidal, germicidal, and insecticidal admixtures
pumping aids
bonding agents
grouting agents
gas-forming agents
coloring agents
shrinkage reducing
SUMMARY
The development of portland cement as the binder material for concrete is
one of the most important innovations of civil engineering. It is extremely dif-
ficult to find civil engineering projects that do not include some component
constructed with portland cement concrete. The properties of portland ce-
ment are governed by the chemical composition and the fineness of the par-
ticles. These control the rate of hydration and the ultimate strength of the
concrete. Abrams's discovery of the importance of the water-to-cementitious
materials ratio as the factor that controls the quality of concrete is perhaps
the single most important advance in concrete technology. Second to this
development was the introduction of air entrainment. The subsequent de-
velopment of additional admixtures for concrete has improved the worka-
bility, set time, strength, and economy of concrete construction.
QUESTIONS
AND
PROBLEMS
6.1
What ingredients are used for the production of portland cement?
6.2
What is the role of gypsum in the production of portland cement?
6.3
What is a typical value for the fineness of portland cement?
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