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thermal expansion in the upper 700m
thermal expansion in the deep ocean
ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland
glaciers and ice caps
terrestrial storage
} estimated sea levels (from satellite altimeter observations)
sum of the contributions
one standard deviation error for sea level (est.)
NRC rigorous estimates of one
standard deviation error for upper-ocean
thermal expansion
FIGURE 4.22 (a) Total observed sea level rise and its components. The components are thermal expansion
in the upper 700 m (red), thermal expansion in the deep ocean (orange), the ice sheets of Antarctica and
Greenland (cyan), glaciers and ice caps (dark blue), and terrestrial storage (green). (b), The estimated sea
levels are indicated by the black line, the yellow dotted line, and the red dotted line (from satellite altimeter
observations). The sum of the contributions is shown by the blue line. Estimates of one standard deviation
error for the sea level are indicated by the grey shading. For the sum of components, we include our rig-
orous estimates of one standard deviation error for upper-ocean thermal expansion; these are shown by
the thin blue lines. All time series were smoothed with a 3-year running average and are relative to 1961.
Source: Domingues et al. (2008).
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