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(iii)
numbered arcs graph (NAG)
(i) semantic relations graph (SRG)
know
a.
know
b.
know
4
6
5
1
6
1
23
Mary
happy
Mary
happy
Mary
happy
2
4
3
5
(Mary)/ça
(Mary)/ça
(Mary)/ça
(ii)
signature
(iv)
surface realization
V
a.
1
2
she
3
4
was_known
5
6
That
was_happy
to_Mary
N
V
b.
1
2
3
4
5
6
(N)
Mary
knew
that
she
was_happy
As in 11.4.3, the traversals of NAG (a) and NAG (b) are unrestricted in that
both have an ambiguous Mary/ça node. Consequently, the two surface real-
izations (a) and (b) each have an indexical and a coreferential reading.
11.5 Coreference in Adnominal Sentential Modifiers
In English, sentential adnominal modifiers (aka relative clauses) are positioned
directly after their modified (“head noun”) - unless they are extraposed (Sect.
9.3). Therefore, the subclause may be located in the middle of the main clause
(cf. 1 and 3 in 11.5.1), unlike sentential subjects and objects. However, because
the restriction observed by Langacker and Ross applies to the relative order of
the pronoun and the coreferent noun (rather than the order of the subclause
and the main clause), the constraint applies also to relative clauses:
11.5.1 P RONOUN IN A DNOMINAL M ODIFIER C ONSTRUCTIONS
1. LH' Coreferent noun in lower clause (L) precedes pronoun in matrix (H')
Themanwholoves the woman kissed her .
2. H'L Pronoun in matrix (H') precedes non-coref. noun in lower clause (L)
% She was kissed by the man who loves the woman .
3. L'H Pronoun in lower clause (L') precedes coreferent noun in matrix (H)
Themanwholoves her kissed the woman .
4. HL' Coreferent noun in matrix (H) precedes pronoun in lower clause (L')
The woman was kissed by the man who loves her .
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