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these are actually used in English? As an initial, tentative approach, consider
the following three lists. The first shows the 12 possible elementary signatures
(binary semantic relations of structure) beginning with N:
7.6.1 T
RANSPARENT AND OPAQUE RELATIONS BEGINNING WITH
N
1N
N?
2N
/
/
V
subject
/
verb (transparent)
3N
A?
4N
/
N?
5N
\
\
V
object
\
verb (transparent)
6N
A?
7N
\
N?
8N
|
V?
9N
|
|
A?
10 N
−
N noun-noun conjunction (transparent)
11 N
−
V?
A?
Nine of the elementary signatures do not appear to be used in English (indi-
cated by ?), three are transparent (2, 5, 10), and none is opaque.
Next consider the list of elementary signatures beginning with V:
12 N
−
7.6.2 T
RANSPARENT AND OPAQUE RELATIONS BEGINNING WITH
V
1V
N?
2V
/
/
V
infinitive_subject
/
verb (opaque)
3V
A?
4V
/
N?
5V
\
\
V
infinitive_object
\
verb (opaque)
\
6V
A?
7V
|
N
progressive_verb
|
noun, infinitive
|
noun (opaque)
8V
V?
9V
|
|
A?
10 V
−
N?
−
11 V
V verb-verb (transparent)
A?
One elementary signature is transparent (11), three are opaque (2, 5, 7), and
the remaining eight do not appear to be used in English.
12 V
−
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