Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
nanotechnology..Any.future.addition.of.nanoparticles.to.the.Section.112(r).list.would.
need. to. be. based. on. risk. assessment. data. that. go. well. beyond. what. are. currently.
available..Presumably,.any.such.listing.would.be.accompanied.by.the.EPA's.estab-
lishing.a.very.small.threshold.release.quantity,.commensurate.with.the.nanomateri-
als.at.issue..It.is.unlikely.that.the.EPA.has.given.substantial.thought.at.this.juncture.
to.the.role.that.Section.112(r).might.play.in.this.context.
Section.112.may.offer.a.better.it.for.the.future.regulation.of.nanoparticle.emis-
sions. than. do. the. particulate. NAAQS. established. under. Sections. 108. and. 109,.
although.questions.necessarily.remain..For.the.current.universe.of.MACT.sources,.
since.Congress.provided.an.initial.list.of.nearly.200.pollutants,.the.EPA.was.able.to.
skip.over.the.HAP.identiication.and.listing.issue.that.triggers.regulation.in.the.irst.
place.. Unless. nanotechnology-associated. production. processes. generate. pollutants.
already.listed.under.Section.112,.the.EPA.would.have.to.determine.whether.—.and.
which.—.nanoparticles.meet.the.test.for.listing..The.process.of.adding.a.pollutant.
to.the.Section.112.list,.which.is.accomplished.through.rulemaking,.must.be.based.
on.a.body.of.data.that,.at.this.point,.is.unlikely.to.exist..Accordingly,.listing,.in.the.
nanotechnology.context,.realistically.must.await.a.more.robust.database.
... 
Fuel addities under Caa section 
CAA.Section.211.requires.all.fuels.and.fuel.additives.distributed.in.commerce.in.the.
United.States.to.be.registered.by.the.EPA..In.the.past,.obtaining.and.maintaining.
an.EPA.registration.for.a.fuel.or.fuel.additive.was.often.a.relatively.simple.process..
This.process,.however,.has.become.more.complex.in.recent.years,.as.the.EPA.has.
introduced.requirements.for.complex.testing.to.support.fuel.and.fuel.additive.regis-
trations..The.EPA.also.has.increased.its.scrutiny.of.the.impact.of.fuel.and.fuel.addi-
tive.products.on.public.health.and.welfare,.and.on.the.increasingly.elaborate.devices.
and.systems.it.requires.to.control.motor.vehicle.emissions,.in.no.small.part.because.
certain. more. recent. fuel. additives. have. contained. nanoscale. metal. substances.. To.
the.extent.these.nanoscale.metals.have.proven.eficiency.as.fuel.additives,.the.EPA.
can.be.expected.to.use.CAA.Section.211.to.authorize.obtaining.additional.testing..
To.date,.however,.the.EPA.has.not.disclosed.publicly.what.exactly.it.is.up.to.in.this.
regard..The.EPA. Nanotechnology White Paper .notes.[24]:
EPA's. Ofice. of. Air. and. Radiation/Ofice. of. Transportation. and. Air. Quality. has.
received.and.is.reviewing.an.application.for.registration.of.a.diesel.additive.containing.
cerium.oxide..Cerium.oxide.nanoparticles.are.being.marketed.in.Europe.as.on-.and.
off-road.diesel.fuel.additives.to.decrease.emissions.and.some.manufacturers.are.claim-
ing.fuel.economy.beneits.
. 
the Clean wateR aCt (Cwa)
4.4.1 
Cwa s tatutOry and  r egulatOry  b aCkgrOund
Like.the.CAA,.the.Federal.Water.Pollution.Control.Act,.more.commonly.known.as.
the.Clean.Water.Act.(CWA),.is.an.important.media-speciic.statute.for.controlling.
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