Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
11 BalancingtheRisks
andRewards
Kathleen Sellers
ARCADISU.S.,Inc.
Contents
11.1. Life.Cycle.Analysis.(LCA).......................................................................... 249
11.2. Adaptations.to.Nanotechnology.................................................................. 250
11.2.1. Screening.Approach......................................................................... 250
11.2.2.Nano.Risk.Framework...................................................................... 251
11.2.3.XL.Insurance.Database.Protocol..................................................... 253
11.3. Summary.and.Conclusions.......................................................................... 257
References............................................................................................................... 262
Nanotechnologies. offer. broad. promise. to. use. raw. materials. and. energy. more. efi-
ciently.. Some. applications. offer. medical. hope. or. environmental. protection.. These.
rewards,.however,.must.be.balanced.against.the.potential.risks.from.manufacturing,.
using,.and.disposing.of.products.containing.nanomaterials..This.chapter.discusses.
tools.to.evaluate.the.balance.between.potential.risks.and.rewards,.beginning.with.the.
concept.of.Life.Cycle.Analysis.(LCA).
.  liFe CYCle analYsis (lCa)
Life.Cycle.Analysis.(LCA),.an.integral.part.of.the.ISO.environmental.management.
standards.(ISO.14040),.uses.a.mass.and.energy.balance.to.determine.the.potential.
effects. of. product. manufacture. on. human. health. and. the. environment.. More. for-
mally.[1],
“LCA. is. a. technique. for. assessing. the. environmental. aspects. and. potential. impacts.
associated.with.a.product.by:
Compiling.an.inventory.of.relevant.inputs.and.outputs.of.a.product.system;
Evaluating. the. potential. environmental. impacts. associated. with. those. inputs.
and.outputs;
Interpreting.the.results.of.the.inventory.analysis.and.impact.assessment.phases.
in.relation.to.the.objectives.of.the.study.
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